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[摘要]目的 觀察比伐盧定在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者急診PCI治療中的療效和安全性。方法 隨機選擇2014年8月~2015年2月在我院急診行PCI術的80例STEMI患者,隨機分為觀察組和對照組,各40例。觀察組在PCI期間應用比伐盧定抗凝治療,對照組應用普通肝素治療。觀察兩組的梗死相關動脈PCI術后即刻TIMI血流、TMPG分級,比較兩組的心電圖ST段回落、左室射血分數值、左室舒張末期內徑及住院期間的主要心血管事件及出血和血小板減少發生率。結果 兩組的TIMI血流分級、TMPG分級比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05);觀察組的心電圖ST段回落、30 d左室射血分數值、左室舒張末期內徑優于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。觀察組的牙齦出血及血尿發生率高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。兩組30 d因心力衰竭再發心絞痛的住院率、不良反應發生率比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。結論 在STEMI患者急診PCI治療中應用比伐盧定具有較好的臨床效果和安全性,比伐盧定可作為STEMI患者急診PCI的常規抗凝治療措施。
[關鍵詞]比伐盧定;急性ST段抬高心肌梗死;急診PCI
[中圖分類號] R542.2+2 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2017)07(c)-0065-04
Efficacy and safety study of Bivalirudin therapy in STEMI patients undergoing emergency PCI
ZHANG Hui DENG Gen-qun▲ ZHENG Xiao-qun
Department of the Fourth Cardiology,Central Hospital of Dalian City in Liaoning Province,Dalian 116033,China
[Abstract]Objectve To observe the efficacy and safety of Bivalirudin therapy in STEMI patients undergoing emergency PCI.Methods 80 STEMI patients with emergency PCI from August 2014 to February 2015 in our hospital were randomly selected and randomly divided into the observation group and the control group,40 cases in each groups.The observation group was treated by Bivalirudin therapy during the period of PCI,and the control group was treated with unfractionated Heparin (UFH).TIMI flow grade and myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) were observed in the two groups post PCI.ST-segment of ECG,LVEF,left ventricular and diastolic diameter (LVEDD),the incidence of major adverse cardiac event (MACE),bleeding and the incidence of thrombocytopenia were compared between the two groups.Results There was no statistically significant difference in the TIMI flow grade or TMPG between the two groups (P>0.05).The ST-segment of ECG,the level of LVEF and LVEDD in 30 days after PCI in the observation group was better than that in the control group,with significant difference (P<0.05).The incidence of gingival bleeding and hematuria in the observation group was higher than that in the control group,with significant difference (P<0.05).There was no significant difference between the two groups of 30 d in the hospitalization rate of recurrent angina pectoris because of heart failure and adverse reaction rate between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion In STEMI patients with emergency PCI,application of Bivalirudin is safe and effect.Bivalirudin can be used in emergency PCI in patients with STEMI conventional anticoagulant treatment measures.
[Key words]Bivalirudin;ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction;Emergency percutaneous coronary intervention
當今時代,可有效開通梗死相關動脈(infarction related artery,IRA)的急診經皮冠脈介入治療(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)可盡早充分恢復冠脈血流,顯著降低死亡率。已經有大量臨床研究證實其可減少心力衰竭發生,已成為目前急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者最有效的再灌注治療措施,能夠使患者長期預后得到有效改善[1]。
較之普通肝素(unfractionated heparin,UFH),直接凝血酶抑制劑比伐盧定的抗凝藥代動力學優勢更明顯,理論上效果更佳[2-4]。研究顯示,比伐盧定單藥抗凝與UFH加血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/aⅢ受體拮抗劑聯用比較,可減少出血事件,從而減少中晚期心血管事件率;其安全性有顯著優勢[5-6]。但是,在當今更快速及更強抗血小板藥物應用實施PPCI背景下的HEAT-PPCI[7]研究中,和HORIZONS-AMI研究的結果并不一致,該研究顯示單用UFH較之比伐盧定抗凝,比伐盧定的有效性、安全性終點均無顯著優勢。比伐盧定價格相對昂貴,國內作為PPCI術中抗凝劑應用經驗較少,加之矛盾性的循證醫學證據,因此本研究旨在對國產比伐盧定在急性STEMI患者PPCI治療時應用的安全性、有效性進行評價,為比伐盧定的臨床應用提供循證依據。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
隨機連續選擇我院2014年8月~2015年2月的80例STEMI患者,均行PPCI,其中男55例,女性25例,年齡35~81歲。隨機按病例單雙號將入選患者分為觀察組和對照組,各40例。:觀察組在PCI術中抗凝劑使用比伐盧定,對照組應用UFH抗凝。納入標準:符合2014中國STEMI指南定義的患者;發病時間≤12 h。排除標準:①既往有PCI或CABG病史;②心源性休克;③急診冠狀動脈造影后無需支架植入者;④已知血液系統疾病或嚴重肝腎功能不全及凝血功能障礙。兩組的年齡、性別、吸煙史、高血壓、糖尿病、貧血(男性血紅蛋白低于13 g/dl,或女性低于12 g/dl)及冠脈病變特征、植入支架個數等一般資料比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究經我院醫學倫理委員會批準。
1.2研究方法
觀察組在冠脈造影前靜脈推注比伐盧定(泰加寧),先予0.75 mg/kg靜注負荷量,繼給予靜脈泵入1.75 mg/(kg·h),最多至術后4 h[2]。對照組給予肝素100 U/kg IA。
1.3觀察指標
PCI術后即刻TIMI血流分級及心肌TMPG分級、單導聯ST段回落百分比分析、術后7 d及1個月左室射血分數(LVEF)、左室舒張末期內徑(LVED);記錄住院期間急性及亞急性支架內血栓形成、BARC定義[8]的出血事件;血小板減少者,隨診記錄靶血管血運重建及卒中、因心絞痛及心衰再次住院、全因死亡數、再梗死的發生率。隨訪至術后30 d。
1.4統計學處理
采用SPSS 13.0統計學軟件對數據進行分析,計量資料采用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗,計數資料采用χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1兩組冠脈病變特征、再灌注指標的比較
兩組的替羅非班使用率分別為15%與45%,兩組比較差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。兩組的其他資料比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)(表1)。
2.2兩組ST段回落百分比的比較
觀察組的單導聯ST段完全回落百分比(80.0%)顯著高于對照組(65.0%),差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。兩組的部分回落與無回落百分比比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)(表2)。
2.3兩組術后心功能指標的比較
兩組PCI術后7 d的LVED、LVEF水平比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。觀察組PCI術后1個月的LVED、LVEF水平顯著優于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)(表3)。
2.4兩組有效性比較
兩組住院期間各發生支架內血栓1例,均為急性支架內血栓,發生比率為2.5%。觀察組發生在術后20 h,對照組發生在術后16 h,均于造影后再次高壓球囊擴張后開通血管,前向血流恢復TIMI-3級。
2.5兩組安全性指標的比較
對照組發生1例血小板減少,考慮為肝素誘導(heparin induced thrombocytopenia,HIT)。住院期間兩組均無大的出血(定義為BARC3型及以上的出血),出血患者均表現為BARC2型出血,觀察組的BARC2型出血發生率顯著高于對照組(20.0% vs. 2.5%,P=0.04),多為與留置導尿相關的血尿、牙齦出血,牙齦出血在觀察組多發生于聯合使用GPI者。
2.6兩組30 d隨訪事件發生率的比較
兩組因心力衰竭再入院比率及因心絞痛再住院率比較,差異無統計學意義(10.0% vs. 17.5%、12.5% vs. 15.0%,P>0.05)。
3討論
在當今時代,PPCI已在各級醫院廣泛開展,持續開通STEMI患者IRA前向血流及恢復心肌水平有效的再灌注是改善臨床癥狀與預后的基礎。作為PCI術中抗凝措施,UFH與比伐盧定循證證據尚存爭議[9-16]。以往的HORIZONS-AMI研究顯示,在PPCI過程中,比伐盧定單藥抗凝與UFH聯用GPI相比,可使嚴重出血發生率下降42%(P<0.0001)[5]。
本研究中,反映再灌注水平的指標TIMI-3級、TMPG2~3分級比率兩組均無統計學差異(P>0.05),觀察組的單導聯心電圖ST段完全回落率顯著高于對照組(80.0% vs. 65.0%,P<0.05)。兩組反映心功能的指標(LVED、LVEF)在PCI術后7 d比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);但術后30天隨訪時,觀察組的LVED、LVEF水平顯著優于對照組(P<0.05)。反映微循環功能恢復水平的單導聯ST段完全回落的百分率可預示心肌水平灌注良好,提示在TIMI-3級血流、TMPG-3級比率相似的情況下,單導聯ST段完全回落率的優勢可轉化為30 d時心功能指標改善。兩組急性支架內血栓各1例,均發生在PPCI術后4 h以后,考慮此時發生血栓的主要原因是抗血小板藥物已充分生效,術中操作相關的支架膨脹不全、貼壁不良,經再次急診高壓球囊擴張,血流恢復TIMI-3級后順利出院,到隨訪至30 d時,均再無支架內血栓發生。以往薈萃分析顯示,PPCI術中應用比伐盧定抗凝較之于以UFH抗凝,術后支架內血栓的風險顯著增加。在HEAT-PPCI研究中,比伐盧定的使用方案為0.75 mg/kg,繼以1.75 mg/(kg·h)靜脈泵入直至PCI結束,術后無維持量[7];而在EUROMAX研究中,術后分別選擇低劑量0.25 mg/(kg·h)與高劑量1.75 mg/(kg·h)維持至4 h,應用高劑量比伐盧定維持靜脈泵入至術后4 h組與UFH聯合GPI組比較,急性支架內血栓發生率并無顯著差異(P=0.588),低劑量組顯著增加急性支架內血栓的風險,術后不用維持量或低劑量維持增加支架內血栓風險可能與術后太早停用比伐盧定時抗血小板藥物尚未充分發揮作用有關。按2014ESC冠脈血運重建指南推薦,本研究中比伐盧定采用術后高劑量維持,未顯示支架內血栓風險增加,與EUROMAX研究吻合,也被相關臨床研究結果所證實[17-18]。
在安全性方面,兩組均無BARC3型以上的大出血,均表現為BARC2型出血,觀察組的BARC2型出血發生率顯著高于對照組(20.0% vs. 2.5%,P=0.04),表現為牙齦出血及與留置導尿相關的血尿。國內的BRIGHT研究中,單用比伐盧定組BARC定義的出血發生率為4.1%,較之于單用UFH組(7.5%)、或UFH聯合GPI組(12.3%)顯著降低。本研究中采用比伐盧定高劑量1.75 mg/(kg·h)靜脈持續泵入直至術后4 h,與UFH抗凝比較,結果不增加支架內急性血栓的發生率,但增加牙齦出血、與導尿有關的血尿等小出血發生率。
綜上所述,國產比伐盧定作為PPCI術中抗凝劑同UFH一樣安全有效,術后高劑量維持至4 h不增加支架內急性血栓比例,但可能增加BARC定義的小出血的發生率。
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(收稿日期:2017-04-17 本文編輯:祁海文)