市域軌道交通的技術發展理念

仲建華

（中國城市軌道交通協會專家和學術委員會執行副主任，教授級高級工程師）

市域軌道交通的技術發展理念

仲建華

（中國城市軌道交通協會專家和學術委員會執行副主任，教授級高級工程師）

隨著大城市的組團式發展和郊區衛星城的興起，市域軌道交通已成為我國城市軌道交通領域中很重要的研究課題。以前往往采取將市中心的地鐵制式延伸到遠郊區的做法，很少采用市域軌道交通類型；近年來通過調研發現，很多城市普遍存在中心區和郊區之間的交通不暢，而發展市域軌道交通是解決這一問題的有效途徑。

通常狹義的市域軌道交通是指采用輪軌制式的，主要連接都市中心區和郊區的，為通勤、通學、商務等服務的交通工具。廣義的市域軌道交通則是介于中心城區軌道交通與城際鐵路之間的一種交通類型，可以是傳統的鋼輪鋼軌制式，也可以是單軌、磁浮系統等制式。

由于目前市域軌道交通對于行車密度的要求還不高，因此適合采用先進的運營組織技術來實現互聯互通的過軌運營。但要實現這一運輸組織方式，在市域軌道交通線網規劃時，就必須跳出城市軌道交通單線獨立運營的線網規劃思路，而應抓住市域軌道交通作為線網平臺的技術特點，實現城際鐵路網絡、市域軌道交通和中心城區軌道交通系統的“三網融合”。具體而言，可以有以下三種方案：一是市域軌道交通與左側行車方式的城際鐵路互聯互通，并與中心城區城市軌道交通線路可以換乘；二是市域軌道交通與右側行車方式的中心城區城市軌道交通線路互聯互通，并與城際鐵路換乘；三是市域軌道交通線網獨立運營，與中心城區城市軌道交通線路、城際鐵路實現換乘。

雖然市域軌道交通目前在我國尚無完備的標準體系，但近年來相關機構對此相當重視，并出臺了若干單項標準。其中包括：①中國土木工程學會的團體標準《市域快速軌道交通設計規范》；②國家的行業標準《城市軌道交通市域快線（120～160 km/h）車輛通用技術條件》；③中國鐵道學會的團體標準《市域鐵路設計規范》。但這三項市域軌道交通技術標準僅是從設計和車輛角度制訂的，因此存在一定的局限性。

正在制訂的中國城市軌道交通協會的團體標準《市域快軌交通技術規范》（以下簡稱《技術規范》），是一部綜合性技術標準，擬在既有標準基礎上，按照“全覆蓋”和構建互聯互通線網技術平臺的要求，制訂出市域軌道交通的技術規范。其主要特點為：對各類城市和地域的全覆蓋；對各類車型的全覆蓋；對多種運營模式的全覆蓋；對技術發展和項目管理的全覆蓋；對軌道交通發展各階段的全覆蓋。

根據我國市域軌道交通的建設目標，既要實現“低客流量”和“高旅行速度”條件下的“低建設投資”和“低運營成本”，又要實現在綜合交通體系中足以吸引客流的“高便捷性服務標準”，那么，“互聯互通網絡化運營”就是必須采用的關鍵措施之一。唯有這樣，才能實現“資源共享”，使服務范圍和運營效益最大化，同時提高服務水平。

With the cluster development of large cities and the rise of suburban satellite towns,the city field rail transit has become a very important research topic in the urban mass transit(UMT)field in China.In the past,such an approach was often adopted that the city center metro system would be extended to far suburbs.The city field rail transit mode was seldom adopted.In recent years,it has been found by investigating that many cities generally have traffic problems between city center areas and suburban areas,and developing the city field railtransitis an effective way to solve these problems.

Generally,the city field rail transit in the narrow sense refers to adopting the wheel-rail mode,mainly connecting city center areas with suburban areas as means of transportation for commuting to work,commuting to learn,business and other services.

The city field rail transit in the broad sense is a type of traffic between city center rail transit and intercity railways,which could be a traditional wheel-railmode,or also a monorailmode,maglev mode and other mode,etc.

Because the requirements for the traffic density of the city field rail transit is not so high,it is suitable to use advanced operation organization technology to realize the interconnection run-through operation.But in order to realize this transportation organization mode,when the city field rail transit line-network is planned,it is a must to jump out of the line-network planning idea of the single-line independent operation of the urban rail transit.And the technical characteristics of the city field rail transit as a line-network platform should be grasped,so as to realize the"three-network integration"of the intercity railway network,the city field rail transit system and the center city rail transit system.Specifically,there are the following three options.The first is that the city field rail transit realizes interconnection with intercity railways in mode of left-hand running,and can transfer with city center rail transit lines.The second is that the city field rail transit realizes interconnection with the city center rail transit in mode of right-hand running,and can transfer with intercity railway lines.The third is that the city field rail transit line-network implements independentoperation,and can transfer with the city center railtransit lines and the intercity railway lines.

Although there is no complete standard system of the city field rail transit at present in China,in recent years,the relevant institutions have paid considerable attention to it and a number of individual standards have been published.They include:1.The Group Standards:“The Design Code of the City Field Rapid Rail Transit”issued by the Chinese Civil Society.2.The National Industry Standards:"The General Technology Conditions of City Field Express Line(120～160 km/h)Vehicles of Urban Rail Transit".3.The Group Standards:"The City Field Railways’Design Code"issued by China Railway Association.However,these 3 technical standards of the city field rail transit are only formulated from the points of view of designs and vehicles,so for them, there are some limitations.

“The Technical Specifications of City Field Rapid Rail Transit”(hereinafter referred to as"The Technical Specifications"),the group standards of China Association of Metros that are now being formulated,are a volume of comprehensive technical standards. On the basis of existing standards,and in accordance with the"full coverage"and the requirements of constructing the interconnection line-network technology development concept,“The Technical Specifications”will be formulated.Its main features are:fully covering all types of cities and regions,fully covering various types of train models,fully covering various operation modes,fully covering technical development and project management at all stages,and fully covering all stages of rail transit development.

In accordance with the construction goal of China's city field rail transit,in order to both realize"low construction investment" and"low operating cost"required by sustainable development under the conditions of"low passenger flow"and"high travel speed", and realize the"high-convenience service standard"that is enough to attract passenger flow in the integrated transportation system, it is one of the most crucial measures to adopt"interconnection networking operation".Only in this way can the"resource sharing" be realized,making the service scope and operating benefits maximization and improving the service level at the same time.

（Translated by SUN Zheng）

Technology Development Concept of the City Field Rail Transit

ZHONG Jianhua
（Executive Deputy Director of Experts and Academics Committee of China Association of Metros）