How the Holocaust Changed German Literature Forever 納粹大屠殺永久改變了德國文學

文/阿利·曼寧 利昂·馬科維茨 譯/王月 審訂/寧一中 By Allee Manning & Leon Markovitz

How the Holocaust Changed German Literature Forever 納粹大屠殺永久改變了德國文學

文/阿利·曼寧 利昂·馬科維茨 譯/王月 審訂/寧一中 By Allee Manning & Leon Markovitz

Thousands of books and authors were banned under Nazi rule; many never resurfaced.在納粹的統治下，無數書籍和作者被禁；許多被永遠埋沒。

When the UN decided to mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day in 2005, it was pegged to January 27, the day Auschwitz was liberated.For the 12 years since, the UN has held events to remember those lost, but also to mark the end of Nazism and all that went with it. But one aspect of Third Reich destruction is still commonly forgotten—the thousands of books that the Nazis banned and burned.

2005年，聯合國宣布設立國際大屠殺紀念日，時間定在1月27日奧斯維辛解放的這一天。12年以來，聯合國舉辦了多次活動，不僅紀念那些逝去的人，同時也紀念納粹主義及所有和納粹相關事物的終結。然而，第三帝國的破壞行徑之一依舊被人們普遍遺忘——那些被納粹查禁并銷毀的無數書籍。

[2]在納粹政府的統治下，焚書始于1933年5月10日那場歷史性的焚燒猶太、美國及其他“非德裔”書籍事件。據計約有2.5萬種圖書被大學生依令焚毀。緊接著就是對個體作者和作品實施禁令。

[2] Under the rule of Nazi government, book burnings first began in 1933,with the historical burning of Jewish,American, and other “un-German” books on May 10. It’s estimated that 25,000 volumes were set ablaze by university students following the directive. The burnings were followed by thousands of bans on individual authors and titles.

[3] “The common imagination is that they banned books of Jewish authors,”said Alejandro Baer, a professor of sociology at the University of Minnesota’s Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. “But it was anything that they would consider anti-German or politically unacceptable for the Nazis.”

[4] A Vocativ analysis of historical data on these works found that the Nazis banned over 13,000 books written by over 2,600 authors from all corners of the globe from 1938—1941. Nearly 950 authors’ entire catalogs were effectively suppressed, and there were eight authors who were essentially removed from print entirely in Germany after all of their books and all books about them were banned, including Vladimir Lenin, Rosa Luxemburg, and Karl Marx.

[5] In 1933, Helen Keller famously spoke out against the Nazis after two of her books were banned. “Tyranny cannot defeat the power of ideas,” she wrote. “You can burn my books and the books of the best minds in Europe, but the ideas in them have seeped through a million channels and will continue to quicken other minds.” But some books have been sealed off from Germany’s collective memory for good, and the impact on German literature is still felt today, more than 70 years later.

[3]“人們普遍以為，他們禁止的只是猶太作者的作品，但是，被禁止的是他們認為反德或政治上不被納粹接受的任何書籍。”來自明尼蘇達大學大屠殺和種族滅絕研究中心的亞歷揚德羅·貝爾教授說道。

[4]媒體Vocativ針對被禁書籍所做的一份歷史數據分析顯示，1938至1941 年間，全球各地2600多名作者的13,000多部作品被納粹所禁。大約950名作者的全部作品遭到封禁，而且有8名作者的作品及有關他們的作品從德國出版業里徹底除名，其中包括弗拉基米爾·列寧、羅莎·盧森堡和卡爾·馬克思。

[5] 1933年，海倫·凱勒在其兩部作品遭禁后，發表了著名的反對納粹聲明。她寫道：“暴政不能擊敗思想的力量，你們可以燒毀我的作品和歐洲最優秀作者的作品，但是書中的思想早已通過各種途徑進入他人的心靈并將持續影響更多人。”然而，一些作品已從德國的集體記憶抹去，70多年后的今天，這對德國文學的沖擊依然可以真切地感受到。

[6] In recent analysis conducted by one German researcher, only 37 percent of the authors originally banned by the Nazis (or authors whose books were banned by association because they cited a banned author) had an entry in the German language Wikipedia as of last year.

[6]德國一位研究者的最近分析顯示，最初被納粹所禁的作者（或一些由于引用被禁作者言論而牽連被禁的作者）當中，截至去年，僅有37%在德語維基百科中有詞條。

[7] “Some (of the banned authors) are today part of the canon of German literature, but there might be authors that never made it back,” Baer said.

[8] In such a massive list, it’s easy to see how that might happen, as it almost did in the case of the banned 1932 novel“Blood Brothers.” Shrouded in mystery,the banned novel resurfaced in 2013 when it was reprinted by a small German publishing house, going on to dominate Berlin’s literature scene. Its author, a German social worker named Ernst Haffner,seemed to disappear after the book was first published, just as his book had.

[9] “Perhaps he was imprisoned and died in a camp,” re-print editor Peter Graf told The Guardian. “Perhaps he fled to another country. But now his legacy lives on.”

[7]“一些（被禁的作者）已成為現今德國文學經典的一部分，但是有些作者或許永無翻身之日。”貝爾說道。

[8]清單如此龐大，很容易理解這是怎么回事，如同1932年出版的小說《親兄弟》被禁一案。該書的經歷充滿神秘色彩，2013年，一家小型德國出版社重印這部被禁小說，使之重見天日并在德國文學領域占據主導地位。作者是一位名為恩斯特·哈夫納的社會工作者，似乎在此書首版后便銷聲匿跡了，正如他的書所經歷的一樣。

[9]“或許他被囚禁后死于集中營，或許他逃到了國外。但是，目前他的思想依舊流傳于世。”本書再版編輯皮特·格拉夫告訴《衛報》。

[10]納粹最終成功禁止一些著作傳播的事實在德國推特賬戶@LebendigeListe（粗略譯為“現存的”或“活躍的”清單）有體現。此賬戶定期發布一些當時被禁的作者和書目信息，試圖讓這些作品重見天日，并“為那些被遺忘的作者及其作品發聲”。

[10] The implication that the Nazis were ultimately successful in suppressing the proliferation of some works is reflected in the German Twitter account @LebendigeListe (roughly translating to “living” or “vibrant”list). The account routinely tweets out banned authors and titles in an attempt to bringing the writings back to life, and “give forgotten authors and their works a voice.”

[11] To which end, it seems possible that after all these years, the work of those passionate about restoring the value of lost culture could finally find purchase.

[12] “German memory culture today is active and thriving,” Baer said. “At least there is the motivation and will to do that. Germany has been pioneering in what some authors call the ‘politics of regret,’ which is a healthy development in society.”

[11]這一目標，多年以后似乎是可能實現的，積極恢復遺失文化價值的工作終會得到認可。

[12]貝爾說道：“德國記憶文化在今天是非常活躍且繁榮的，至少人們有動力和意愿去投入其中。德國已經率先反思 ‘遺憾的政治’，這是社會的健康發展。”

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5. Caribbean Monk Seal夏威夷僧海豹

Last seen in the early 1950s, the Caribbean monk seal was declared extinct in 2008 after a five-year

review by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Marine Fisheries Service. The seals had been hunted by European explorers who began arriving in the late 15th century, according to NOAA. They were later exploited for their fur, meat and oil by fisherman and whalers. Coastal development and fishing also impacted their traditional habitats in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico.

“Humans left the Caribbean monk seal population unsustainable after overhunting them in the wild,” a NOAA biologist said in 2008, according to Science Daily. “Unfortunately, this leads to their demise and labels the species as the only seal to go extinct from human causes.”