蔬菜農藥殘留情況及不同清洗和存儲方式對農殘的影響

孫祥祥+張豐香+曹夢迪+王欣怡+胡浩+賈培培+程博文+劉瑩

摘要 利用農殘快速檢測方法檢測目前蔬菜中農藥殘留情況，以及不同清洗方式和儲存條件對農藥殘留的影響。結果表明，537份散戶售賣蔬菜樣品農殘超標率為6.7%，可疑超標率為13.0%；1 026份超市所售蔬菜樣品農殘超標率為3.8%，可疑超標率為3.7%。不同蔬菜種類之間農藥殘留超標率存在差異（P<0.05），春、冬季節的蔬菜中農藥殘留沒有統計學意義（P>0.05）；超市與散戶所售蔬菜中農藥殘留差異有統計學意義（P<0.05）。隨著浸泡時間的增加，清水、淡鹽水、淘米水對農殘的去除率呈先增加后降低的趨勢。蔬菜隨著存儲時間的增加，農藥殘留量也呈遞減趨勢，室溫保藏要好于低溫4 ℃儲存，且農藥降解與存儲時間存在線性關系。不同種類的蔬菜存儲過程中農藥降解的速率也不同。

關鍵詞 農藥殘留；清洗方式；存儲方式；農藥降解

中圖分類號 S481+.8 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1007-5739（2017）22-0091-03

Abstract Using the method of rapid detection to determine pesticide residues in the vegetables，the influences of different cleaning method and storage conditions on the pesticide residue were studied in this paper.The results showed that 537 retail vegetable samples were sold with a target rate of 6.7%，with a suspicious rate of 13.0%.The target rate of the 1 026 vegetable samples sold in supermarkets was 3.8%，and the suspicious rate was 3.7%.There was a difference in pesticide residues between different vegetable species（P<0.05），and there was no significant difference on pesticide residues in vegetables in spring and winter（P>0.05）.The difference of pesticide residues in vegetables sold by supermarkets and retail investors was statistically significant（P<0.05）.With the increase of soaking time，the removal rate of water，salt water and rice water on the pesticide residues was increased and then decreased.With the increase of storage time，pesticide residues also showed a trend of decline，the removal rate of room temperature preservation was better than that of 4 ℃ storage at low temperature，and there was a linear relationship between pesticide degradation and the storage time.The rate of pesticide degradation in different kinds of vegetables was different.

Key words pesticide residue；cleaning method；storage condition；pesticide degradation

我國農藥市場發展迅速，行業總體呈現良好的發展態勢，已發展成為全球第一農藥生產國，同時也是農藥使用大國。農民大量使用農藥，在帶來經濟效益的同時，也造成了巨大的負面影響。據統計，農村兒童患白血病50%與農藥殘留有關，而新生兒畸形的比率比城市高1倍。2010年我國農藥使用量30.27萬t，其中有機磷殺蟲劑占 72%[1]。有機磷農藥具有高效等特點而普遍用于防治病蟲害，但有機磷對人畜體內乙酰膽堿酯酶有抑制作用，引起乙酰膽堿蓄積，刺激神經系統，導致先興奮后衰竭等癥狀。近年來，由于蔬菜中農藥殘留過高引發的食物中毒屢見報道[2]，農藥殘留對食品安全的影響日益突出[3-5]，消費者對農藥殘留問題的關注度也越來越高。

目前，檢測農藥殘留常用方法有質譜法、色譜法、波譜法、免疫分析法、生物傳感器檢測法及酶抑制法等快速檢測方法。質譜法、色譜法、波譜法檢測準確度高、靈敏度高，但儀器昂貴，不容易配置?！?br>