隱匿在城市的歷史容顏

◇ 文 | 本刊記者 胡 婷 圖| 游 宇

化龍橋虎頭巖《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》總館

在渝中區(qū)，虎頭巖下，化龍橋一帶，如今有個(gè)時(shí)髦的地方，“重慶天地”。新建的高檔小區(qū)、商場(chǎng)，使這一地段成了高端的代名詞。

在這里的城市深處，隱匿著一段特殊的歷史。當(dāng)年，在抗戰(zhàn)最緊急的關(guān)頭，《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》在虎頭巖下，發(fā)出了強(qiáng)勁的聲音。

Located beneath the Hutouyan scenic spot in Yuzhong District, near Hualongqiao Street, Chongqing Tiandi has enjoyed an enviable reputation for high-end zone, where fancy residences and stylish shopping malls are newly built.

A piece of special history was hidden in this city.During the critical time in Sino-Japanese War, Xinhua Daily had played a very important role.

尋訪低調(diào)中的壯懷激烈

Look for the Great Aspiration from the Low Proベle

說(shuō)起《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》，大多數(shù)重慶人都能記起渝中區(qū)民生路上，一幢三層磚木結(jié)構(gòu)的樓房。事實(shí)上，那里是《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》當(dāng)時(shí)的營(yíng)業(yè)部。1938年1月11日，《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》在武漢創(chuàng)刊，同年10月25日遷往重慶繼續(xù)出版發(fā)行，報(bào)館位于蒼坪街和西三街。

1939年，“五三”“五四”大轟炸后，報(bào)館被炸毀，總經(jīng)理熊瑾玎四處打探，將新的館址選在了化龍橋虎頭巖下，一個(gè)叫做“陳獨(dú)立堂”的地方。當(dāng)年8月13日，大轟炸后的第一張《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》就在這里出版了。

找到這個(gè)地方，頗費(fèi)一番周折。

重慶天地一處建設(shè)工地，一名建筑工人聽(tīng)說(shuō)我們?cè)诖蚵?tīng)《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》總館舊址，主動(dòng)當(dāng)起了領(lǐng)路人。從嘉濱路華村公交站下車，往虎頭巖走上一公里山路，廢棄的成渝鐵路橋出現(xiàn)在眼前。

“沿著鐵路往下，再繞過(guò)山彎彎，順著下面那條路，一直走下去就到了?！睆纳缴贤?，在黃葛樹(shù)掩映下，建筑物似乎已無(wú)跡可尋。帶著不確定性，我們慢慢走近，直到看見(jiàn)一扇大門(mén)的石墻上，清晰鑲嵌刻著“新華日?qǐng)?bào)館舊址”字樣的匾額。

這里是化龍橋虎頭巖村86號(hào)。2011年7月7日，《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》總館舊址正式復(fù)原開(kāi)放，它坐落在美麗的嘉陵江畔，背倚巍巍虎頭巖，修復(fù)的總館基本保持了原址原貌。

走進(jìn)大門(mén)，五棟房屋依山而建。綠林掩映下，藍(lán)灰色外墻的磚房古樸中顯現(xiàn)著一種蒼老。

Most local people still remember the threestorey house with brick-wood construction in the Minsheng Road, Yuzhong District, the initial business office of Xinhua Daily. Founded in Wuhan in Jan.1, 1938 and removed to Chongqing in Oct.25 of the same year, the office was located in Cangping Street and the Xisan Street respectively.

However, the newspaper office was destroyed by the successive bombings on May 3 and May 4, 1939. The manager Xiong Jinding decided to establish a new one at a place named Chendulitang beneath the Hutouyan near Hualongqiao Street.The first issue of Xinhua Daily newspaper after the deadly two bombings was published here.

It took efforts to find this place.

At one construction site in Chongqing Tiandi,a worker volunteered to be our guide, taking us to the former site of the Xinhua Daliy. Getting off from the Huacun bus station at Jiabin Road and taking one-kilometer mountain road toward the Hutouyan,the abandoned Chengdu-Chongqing Railroad bridge showed ahead of us.

“Go down the railroad, bypass the mountain road and then go straight,” said the worker. From the top of the hill, the office seemed unseen with thick trees covered. We approached slowly with uncertainty and finally arrived at the front door. There was a tablet suspended on its stone wall, writing The Old Site of the Xinhua Daily News Office.

Here was the No.86, Hutouyan village,Hualongqiao. Located at the beautiful Jialing river bank, leaning the towering Hutouyan, it was reopened to the public after restoring since July 7,2011. The original appearance had been preserved.

Getting into the front door, we could see five houses surrounded by the mountain. Shaded by green trees, the blue gray wall of the house revealed with primitive simplicity and a sense of history.

寧?kù)o的當(dāng)下與不平靜的過(guò)往

Quiet present and unquiet past

與蒼老相呼應(yīng)的，是這里的寧?kù)o。而腳下沉淀的，卻是一座里程碑。

透過(guò)樹(shù)葉扶疏的甬道望去，依次排列著《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》總館的經(jīng)理部、總務(wù)科、傳達(dá)室、編輯部（白班及夜班）、排字房、會(huì)議室、會(huì)客室、員工宿舍、裝訂房、資料室等房間。

走進(jìn)陳列室，文字、圖片及實(shí)物陳列、文獻(xiàn)檔案，又將我們腦中的設(shè)想填充得更飽滿。

鄭之東，1943年至1946年期間，曾兩次參加《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》的副刊編輯工作?！盎叵肫鹂谷諔?zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利前后那風(fēng)云激變的日子里在《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》這個(gè)革命陣地上的戰(zhàn)斗，心中永遠(yuǎn)是熱乎乎的；像一匹老戰(zhàn)馬一樣，想奔馳，想沖鋒。”他還記得，新聞版的同事下班時(shí)間很晚，那時(shí)重慶經(jīng)常停電，有時(shí)要點(diǎn)汽燈，有時(shí)就只好點(diǎn)起蠟燭來(lái)改排、改拼版子。

更加銘心刻骨的記憶，來(lái)自應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)民黨反動(dòng)派的報(bào)刊檢查。1943年，毛澤東《在延安文藝座談會(huì)上的講話》發(fā)表后，全文傳到重慶，交給新華日?qǐng)?bào)報(bào)館。按當(dāng)時(shí)檢查“行情”來(lái)看，原文抄送檢查顯然不能過(guò)關(guān)。大家研究后，決定采用“化整為零”的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，由三位副刊編輯把全文“化”為三篇文章，盡量摘錄原文，要么就是概述，然后分作幾次，搭配一些言辭激烈的政論短評(píng)一齊送檢。果然，三篇文章慢慢都蓋上了“檢訖”的圖章。1944年元旦，報(bào)紙用了一個(gè)整版，加上醒目標(biāo)題《毛澤東同志對(duì)文藝問(wèn)題的意見(jiàn)》。

The tranquility here echoed with the long history,while what hided underfoot was a milestone.

Seeing from the pathway with exuberant trees, we noticed that along the way lined the Manager Office,General Affairs Division, Reception Office, Editorial Office, Typesetting Room, Meeting Room, Sitting Room, Staff Quarters, Binding Room, Archives Room and so on in sequence.

Walking into the exhibition room, we learned the history through the reports, pictures, some relics and archives here enriched our mind.

Zheng Zhidong had been a supplement editor of Xinhua Daily twice from 1943 to 1946, in his words,being thrilled when every time he recalled those drastic days working there during the Sino-Japanese War. He worked like a senior steed that tried to gallop and charge forward. When colleagues of news column worked late, with frequent power outages in Chongqing, only gas lamps and candles were available.

The memory of Kuomingtang’s inspection of newspaper was more than vivid. In 1943, after Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art delivered by Mao Zedong , the whole passage was faxed to Xinhua Daily. It was impossible to publish such a revolutionary article, concerning the inspection standard then. The office determined to cut the whole into three parts and rewrite it as faithful as possible.Then the three passages were submitted respectively with other sharper political essays, which tricked the inspection as expected. On New Year’s Day in 1944,a whole page in Xinhua Daily was print them with an outstanding headline--the View of Comrade Mao Zedong About Literature and Art.

1957年2月5日，周恩來(lái)重返重慶化龍橋《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》總館時(shí)與隨行和陪同人員在原報(bào)館編輯部門(mén)前留影。

毛澤東為這支“新華軍”點(diǎn)贊

Thumbs-Up for Army of Xinhua Daily

此刻的報(bào)館在虎頭巖山谷的角落里，沉靜而安寧，往事的轟烈更為震撼。

20世紀(jì)40年代，延安的《解放日?qǐng)?bào)》和重慶的《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》是中共黨報(bào)歷史上兩份里程碑式的報(bào)紙。前者文風(fēng)直白通俗、情緒鮮明，以此動(dòng)員邊區(qū)讀者。在重慶,《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》則以團(tuán)結(jié)抗戰(zhàn)和統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線為旗幟，團(tuán)結(jié)社會(huì)各界人士、群體，進(jìn)行抗戰(zhàn)動(dòng)員。

1947年2月28日，重慶的《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》總館被國(guó)民黨無(wú)理查封，結(jié)束了它七年半的革命生涯。在《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》出版的3231期報(bào)紙中，有近3000期都是在重慶出版?！缎氯A日?qǐng)?bào)》是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在民主革命時(shí)期發(fā)行時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)、發(fā)行量最大、影響最廣的一份報(bào)紙，立下了“赫赫戰(zhàn)功”。

1941年1月6日，國(guó)民黨頑固派制造了震驚中外的“皖南事變”。周恩來(lái)憤然揮筆題詞——“千古奇冤，江南一葉，同室操戈，相煎何急？！”“為江南死國(guó)難者志哀”。18日黎明前，就是在重慶《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》總館的防空洞內(nèi)，印有周恩來(lái)手跡的報(bào)紙大量印刷，送到讀者手中，張貼在重慶的大街小巷。

“皖南事變”真相從山城傳開(kāi)。

“皖南事變”后，周恩來(lái)還將《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》編印的大量材料，動(dòng)員外國(guó)記者帶到香港、南洋、美國(guó)發(fā)表，揭露蔣介石的陰謀。

1945年9月，毛澤東赴重慶談判期間，這樣評(píng)價(jià)《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》的成績(jī)：我們不僅有一支八路軍、新四軍，我們還有一支“新華軍”。

多年后，報(bào)館的托兒所和食堂等房屋早已倒塌，所幸編輯部和排字房等幾間主要的房屋還在，1949年10月以后，一直作為附近工廠的職工住房，后來(lái)也成為危房。1982年，重慶市政府將整棟樓收歸紅巖革命紀(jì)念館，紅巖聯(lián)線的專家按照當(dāng)年的原樣修復(fù)。

走出報(bào)館，周圍已是高樓林立，還能聽(tīng)到附近施工隊(duì)轟鳴嘈雜作業(yè)的機(jī)器聲。老報(bào)館還在，靜靜地立在現(xiàn)實(shí)里。

The office now lies in the valley of Hutouyan Mount with serenity, yet abounding with a breathtaking history.

There were two milestones in the history of the party newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party,namely Jiefang Daily in Yan’an and Xinhua Daily in Chongqing in 1940s. As the former’s simple and encouraging words kept people up, the latter was committed to unify and hearten every Chinese people and social groups, taking the banner of solidarity and a united front to fight against Japanese invasion.

Xinhua Daily was closed down by Kuomingtang on Feb. 28,1947 with no proper reason, thus finishing her seven and a half year’s revolutionary career. Nearly 3000 of 3231 issues were published in Chongqing, making it the most time-honored and popular newspaper with the largest circulation issued by CCP during the period of democratic revolution, which had made remarkable achievement.

When South Anhui Incident occurred in China Jan.6th 1941 by the diehard in Kuomingtang, he brushed his indignation into soaring words. At predawn, in Jan.18, the newspaper with Zhou Enlai’s handwriting was printed in a bomb shelter,delivered to households and pasted around every corner in Chongqing.

The truth of South Anhui Incident spread from Chongqing.

After that, he kept a close contact with foreign journalists and introduced them many a related information offered by Xinhua Daily so as to unveil Chiang Kai-shek’s intrigue to the world.

Mao Zedong appreciated Xinhua Daily like this: we possess not only the Eighth Route Army and the New Forth Army but also an army of Xinhua Daily, when visiting Chongqing for a peaceful talk in September 1945.

Years later, its nursery and canteen have long gone, but fortunately the main building for editing and typesetting survived, accommodating workers in neighboring factories since October 1949 and getting dilapidated afterwards. The local government of Chongqing made it a part of Hongyan Revolutionary Memorial Halland and many specialists restored it according to its original form.

Walking out of the office, you will be surrounded by high-rise buildings and hear the roar of engines from the nearby construction workers. The old museum is still here, standing quietly in the real world.