用“還原—補缺—看成分”三步法選用關系詞

譚家龍

定語從句是高中英語語法學習中的重點和難點，也是高考中的一個常考點。在語法填空和短文改錯中是經常考查的。在語法填空中要求考生填一個恰當的關系詞，短文改錯要求考生判斷關系詞是否用錯了，即考查的焦點是關系詞。筆者指導考生采用“還原——補缺——看成分”三步法選用關系詞，效果較好。

還原：就是將先行詞放回到定語從句中。

補缺：（1）放回定語從句中之后，若該句為一個完整的句子，不需要再加其他成分（在從句中作主語或賓語）時，填who， which或that；（2）有的需要補充所有格或介詞，結構和意思才完整，需要補上所有格（用作定語）時，用whose，需補充介詞（用作狀語）時，根據情況用when， where或why（先行詞僅限reason）。

看成分：就是看先行詞或先行詞與補充的部分一起在句中作何種成分，作主語或賓語用who， which或that，作定語用whose，作狀語用when， where或why。

[例1]A plane is a machine _______ can fly.

還原：The machine can fly.

補缺：不用補，結構和意思已完整。

成分：the machine在句中作主語，指物，用which或that。

[例2]The boy _______ broke the window is called Tom.

還原：The boy broke the window.

補缺：還原后句子的結構和意思完整，不補缺。

看成分：在句中作主語，指人，用who或that。

[例3]The fish _______ we bought this morning were not fresh.

還原：We bought the fish this morning.

補缺：還原后句子的結構和意思完整，不補缺。

看成分：在句中作賓語，指物，用which或that或省略不用關系代詞。

結論：當代表先行詞的關系詞在從句中充當主語或賓語時，不需補缺，指人時用who， whom或that，指物時用which或that。另外，作賓語時可省略。

[例4]The boy _______ parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.

還原：The boy s parents are dead.

補缺：還原后，“the boy parents （那個男孩父母）”意義不完整，需補上一個所有格，變成“the boys parents（那個男孩的父母）”才通順。

看成分：the boys在句中作定語，用whose。

結論： 當還原后，句子意思不完整，需補上一個所有格時，引導該定語從句的關系詞用whose。注意，whose后面緊跟一個名詞，whose和它所修飾的名詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語。

[例5]I still remember the day _______ I came here.

還原：I came here on the day.

補缺：還原后句子不完整，需補上一個介詞on。

看成分：on the day做狀語，表時間，所以用when。

[例6]This is the house _______ I lived last year.

還原：I lived in the house last year.

補缺：還原后句子不完整，需補上一個介詞in。

看成分：in the house做狀語，表地點，所以用where。

[例7]There are many reasons _______ people like traveling.

還原：people like traveling for many reasons.

補缺：還原后句子不完整，需補上一個介詞for。

看成分：for many reasons做狀語，表原因，所以用why。

結論：當還原后，句子意思不完整，需補上一個介詞時，該引導定語從句的關系詞用when， where或why，分別表示時間、地點和原因。

請用以上方法做以下對比練習

1. She lived in the house _______ she used to live.

2. She lived in the house _________she used to live in.

3. She lived in the house _________she used to visit.

4. She lived in the house _________windows were broken.

5. This is the house _____the teacher want to buy.

6. This is the house _____a fire broke out last year.

7. This is the shop _____sells childrens clothing.

8. This is the shop _____we bought a pen last year.

9. The man _____is talking with my mother is my father.

10. The man _____ my mother is talking with is my father.

11. The man _____ hair is white is my father.

參考答案

1. where；2. that，which或不填；3. that，which或不填；4.whose 5. that，which或不填； 6. where 7. that或which； 8. where 9. who或that； 10. who，whom，that或不填 ；11. whoseendprint