車維軍

【摘要】《課標》明確指出語言是人類最重要的思維和交流工具,也是人們參與社會活動的重要條件。本文通過分析一篇學案作為支架來培養口語能力的設計案例,討論了學案在口語課堂的支架作用以及如何使用。在學案的幫助下,學生能夠掌握語言知識,提高語言技能,發展思維能力。
【關鍵詞】學案 支架 口語
一、引言
學案即學生學習的方案。它就像建筑行業中使用的支架:通過為學生搭建一套合理的輔助框架,借助具體情景,幫助學生規劃、實施及完成學習任務,實現對知識意義的建構。在完成學習任務同時能力也得到有效的提高,最后撤掉支架,學生自己能夠獨立地解決問題,學生因此也變得獨立和自信。這種“支架式”教學的理論就是學案的理論基礎。
二、以學案為支架的理論依據
學生學習語言不僅要有教師的言傳身教,同時還需要借助各種方式進行習得。課堂的時間有限,傳統課堂的教師一言堂模式限制了學生的發展。自從1997年年秋,金華一中提出“學案導學”,學案教學法得到了充實和發展。柏嵐(2007)認為學案教學,是以學案為操作材料,以教師調控為手段,注重學法指導,突出學生自學,重在培養學習能力和創新意識的教學新模式。
三、以學案為支架的培養口語能力的實例
下面將以人教版《英語》Module 1 Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—a Modern Hero 口語課為例,探討學案作為支架在學習目標和學習過程各個環節中如何使用。
本課圍繞南非黑人領袖Mandela的事跡,引導學生探討偉人品質。學生對偉人的話題相對比較熟悉。教師抓住偉人這一要點,創新設計了口語學案。
1. Learning aims:
1.1 Make a speech about a great man.
1.2 Make a conversation about Nelson Mandela.
[設計意圖]
學案教學的目的是突出學生自學,所以學生要有清晰的學習目標。本學案的四個目標選用簡單的動詞開頭,學生清楚地知曉學習內容,就像登山有了階梯,不用盲目地選擇道路,能夠在目標的指引下,快速地到達學習的頂峰。
2. Learning Steps.
Step 1. Choose the right word according to the situation.
(1)Jim is _______,and he always has good ideas.
A. smart B.mean C. hard-working D. honest
(2)Lucy is _________,and she never hesitates(猶豫) to give me a hand whenever Im in trouble.
A.brave B.generous C.warm-hearted D.lovely
[設計意圖]
導入設計為單選題是為了再次回顧描述人物品格的形容詞。通過完成題目,帶領學生進入英語的學習氛圍。并且直奔主題:描述人物品格。因為是口語課,所以要考慮到留夠時間讓學生練習口語。
Step 2.What do the words in Step 1 have in common?
[設計意圖]
這一步作為過渡,讓學生總結第一步的目的,理清本課學習目標,為下一步做好鋪墊。
Step 3. Read the description of following six people. Who do you think is the greatest?Make a short speech.
William Tyndale(1494—1536) Britain
Norman Bethune(1890 — 1939) Canada
Xi Jinping(1953— )China
He wrote the Bible in English so all could read it. He died for his ideas but his work is still used in the official Bible today. He fought against the German Nazis and Japanese invaders during World War II. He worked selflessly in China as a doctor and saved many Chinese soldiers. He became the president of China in 2013.He introduced a series of reforms in modern Chinese society.He is leading the people in achieving the dream of great rejuvenation(復興) of the Chinese nation.
Tip 1:How to give a good speech.
(1)It is a great pleasure for me to have this wonderful chance to speak here.
(2)No one can deny the fact that...is playing an important role in our history.endprint
(3)As known to all, it is a fact that...is playing an important role in our history.
(4)First of all, we should make it clear whether or not it is really so.
(5)My idea (opinion/ view / reason) may be expressed as follows.
(6)In a word, we should be grateful to...for what he contributed to the world/people/us... Only if we... can we make a difference like ...
(7)Thanks for your listening to my speech.
[設計意圖]
這一步讓學生進行簡短演講,以事實來說服大家他的演講主人公是偉大的。材料之后所附的Tip 1就是學案的支架,全部都是演講的經典句型。學生將材料與句型結合,就成為了一篇演講。
Step 4. Read the life of Nelson Mandela and make a talk show on TV. He is interviewed by the host about Mandelas life.
Life of Nelson Mandela
1963 ANC began to blow up buildings
1964 sentenced to prison for life on Robben Island for being one of the ANC leaders
1982 moved to a prison in Cape Town
1991 became President of the ANC
1994 became President of South Africa
Tip 2:
The following questions can help you.
When and where was he born?
Did he do anything for others?
What are his best qualities?
You can begin your interview like this example:
Today, we had the great pleasure and honor to interview Wang Fei, famous singer in China. She showed genius when she was young and her song shows everyone that she is the best!Now, lets welcome Wang Fei!
[設計意圖]
本環節是模擬電視訪談節目,通過Elias和主持人的交流客觀地讓觀眾了解Mandela的偉大之處。Tip 2的兩部分,既有訪談對話的提示,又有訪談節目的開頭。作為支架部分,有效地幫助了學生來完成任務。
Step 5 What do you think of Mandela?
Tip 3:
The following sentences can help you to show your idea.
(1)Personally,I would prefer __________ because I think ________ has more advantages.
(2)According to my personality and fondness,I would prefer ________ rather than _________.
(3)In my point of view,I like ___________ much more than ________.
(4)If asked to make a decision,I would prefer ________.
[設計意圖]
高中英語課程作為普通高中的一門主要課程,可以促進高中生心智、情感、態度與價值觀的發展和綜合人文素養的提高。Tip 3的六個句型可以用來表達個人觀點,讓學生掌握地道的英語表達方式。
四、教學反思
高中英語課程的設計與實施有利于學生優化英語學習方式,使他們通過觀察、體驗、探究等積極主動的學習方法,充分發揮自己的學習潛能,形成有效的學習策略,提高自主學習的能力。
在本學案的Step 4當中習近平替換曼德拉就成功地吸引了學生的興趣,有利于學生的表達。但是替換的力度不夠,圣經的英語著者William Tyndale沒有學生選擇作為演講主題,因為學生對他太過陌生;而Neil Armstrong也不夠具有時代特色,換成中國的楊利偉更能激發學生的熱情。Step 5中 Mandela的簡介精選幾條,刪除幾條,就會節省學生閱讀材料的時間。留夠時間讓學生準備訪談節目,之后的展示也會有更多機會。
參考文獻:
[1]魯子問.源于草根的學案能否長大[N].中國教育報,2010-4-2(7).
[2]教育部.普通高中英語課程標準(實驗)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
[3]李娜,劉亮.近十年來我國關于“學案教學”的研究綜述-基于相關中國優秀碩士論文的內容分析[J].學理論,2015-12.endprint