外籍留學(xué)生愛上中國跳蚤舞

林上軍?陳玲?劉超杰

墻壁上掛滿紅彤彤的中國結(jié)，滿屋子洋溢著歡快的歌聲。早春時(shí)節(jié)，舟山群島地名工作室、定海美之聲演唱團(tuán)邀請(qǐng)25名來自8個(gè)國家的浙江海洋大學(xué)外籍留學(xué)生，與舟山市民一起載歌載舞，共迎新春。

優(yōu)雅唯美的旗袍秀、熱情激昂的中國鼓、婉轉(zhuǎn)悠揚(yáng)的越劇、漢風(fēng)濃郁的古箏表演……一個(gè)個(gè)中國傳統(tǒng)（非遺）節(jié)目令留學(xué)生們?nèi)绨V如醉。

筆者從浙江海洋大學(xué)國際合作交流處了解到，該校有一支由留學(xué)生組成的舟山特色非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)表演隊(duì)——跳蚤舞隊(duì)。

跳蚤舞，原是流傳在海島迎神賽會(huì)、喜慶豐收時(shí)表演的一種民間舞蹈。后發(fā)展成祭灶神儀式舞蹈，以示送舊迎新，祈求消災(zāi)免禍，故民間又稱“跳灶舞”。12年前，跳蚤舞被列為浙江省非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)名錄。

跳蚤舞由男女二人表演，男角（濟(jì)公）身穿僧衣，頭戴僧帽，腰系草繩，一閃左，一閃右，阻止火神行進(jìn)。女角（火神）身穿紅綠花襖，一手握花傘，一手提香籃子，左一閃，右一閃，躲著濟(jì)公前進(jìn)，構(gòu)成驅(qū)趕意境。

據(jù)《定海縣志》記載，“跳蚤舞”因舞姿形似跳蚤而得名。跳蚤舞形成于清代乾隆年間，從福建傳至舟山沈家門漁港。跳蚤舞原為情緒性舞蹈，無情節(jié)、無具體人物，因舞姿酷似跳蚤而得名。1922年，白泉鎮(zhèn)私塾老先生章孝善，將當(dāng)?shù)亓鱾鞯拿耖g故事《濟(jì)公斗火神》中的濟(jì)公阻攔火神娘娘的橋段引入舞蹈。

筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些留學(xué)生表演跳蚤舞非常認(rèn)真，一招一式，有板有眼。化妝、戴頭飾、整服裝，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)而又不失活潑，男角（濟(jì)公）身穿僧衣帽，頸套須珠，腰系草繩；女角（火神）身穿紅綠花襖，手握折扇。整個(gè)舞蹈輕松活潑、夸張?jiān)溨C。

據(jù)浙江海洋大學(xué)舞蹈教學(xué)指導(dǎo)老師孫靚介紹，跳蚤舞在海大傳播已有5年。為了更好地了解與傳承這一民間文化，從2012年起，她對(duì)“跳蚤舞”進(jìn)行全面詳實(shí)的調(diào)查研究，但單靠理論研究無法良好傳承。2013年，該校成立了一支跳蚤舞隊(duì)，讓大學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)并學(xué)習(xí)跳蚤舞。此外，每年孫靚會(huì)安排兩到三次的外出交流機(jī)會(huì)，讓隊(duì)員們開展藝術(shù)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，與民間藝人進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)交流。截至目前，浙江海洋大學(xué)培養(yǎng)了至少60名跳蚤舞表演者，“跳蚤舞”后繼有人。其中一支由6名留學(xué)生組成的跳蚤舞表演隊(duì)尤其引人注目，他們分別來自俄羅斯、烏克蘭、哈薩克斯坦、坦桑尼亞等國。

這一舟山特色舞蹈的傳承者擴(kuò)展到國際留學(xué)生，緣于浙江省教育廳、外僑辦和浙江電視臺(tái)教育科技頻道每年舉辦的“夢(mèng)行浙江”外國留學(xué)生中華才藝展。孫靚在2016年為參加“夢(mèng)行浙江”的海大留學(xué)生編排舞蹈，考慮到這群熱情的學(xué)生來自“一帶一路”沿線國家，學(xué)習(xí)傳統(tǒng)地域文化也可以作為一種嘗試和突破。

孫靚說這其中的一個(gè)小插曲讓她很觸動(dòng)，初選有很多人報(bào)名，一個(gè)非洲的學(xué)生沒選上但每天都堅(jiān)持訓(xùn)練，一個(gè)俄羅斯學(xué)生穿上濟(jì)公裝以后不肯脫。被選上的留學(xué)生們都喜歡跳蚤舞，練習(xí)很認(rèn)真。她感受到了民間舞蹈強(qiáng)大的藝術(shù)感染力：文化背景不同，但藝術(shù)是相通的。

除了跳蚤舞，打蓮湘、舟山鑼鼓等具有舟山本土特色的藝術(shù)形式也被納入留學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)表演的范圍。2017年5月，普陀蝦峙島77歲老人陸昌沅將跟隨了他20多年的蝦峙鑼鼓送給了這群留學(xué)生。

坦桑尼亞的Bhoke和俄羅斯的喀秋莎是跳蚤舞中的一對(duì)搭檔，也是悟性很高、學(xué)得很快的同學(xué)。兩人都是海大食品科學(xué)與安全工程專業(yè)碩士生。

喀秋莎覺得：“這種舞蹈非常有趣，尤其是女孩子們跳的那部分非常美，從老師講解里也了解到這舞蹈背后的故事原來是關(guān)于男女互相愛慕，簡直太有趣了，讓我們很有學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力。”Bhoke喜歡這一舞蹈的理由則是“它讓我感到非常享受”。剛開始他們遇到了很大的困難，無論是語言障礙還是舞蹈動(dòng)作，慢慢地，他們領(lǐng)悟了舞蹈的要領(lǐng)，隨著舞蹈技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步，大家越發(fā)喜愛。

喀秋莎說：“我第一次去練習(xí)時(shí)，很吃驚地看到Bhoke也在那里，后來我們就在老師安排下成為了跳蚤舞搭檔。練習(xí)舞蹈占據(jù)了很多課余時(shí)間，但對(duì)于這樣一種機(jī)會(huì)，我們感到非常感恩，也愿意全身心投入。剛開始的時(shí)候，我們需要更多練習(xí)，有時(shí)候我和Bhoke就跑到學(xué)校外面去練習(xí)。”Bhoke說：“跳舞會(huì)讓我們接觸到更多的人，它提供了更多與他人相處以及共度快樂時(shí)光的機(jī)會(huì)，而且我們還有更多機(jī)會(huì)去不同地方。”

提及未來打算，Bhoke表示，希望在語言和文化學(xué)習(xí)上有更大提升，另外“我真正想得到的是與中國學(xué)生們的友好關(guān)系，更希望能建立起我們坦桑尼亞人民與中國人民之間的友誼橋梁；很多坦桑尼亞人還不了解中國，我要把在中國舟山所經(jīng)歷的一切告訴他們。”

浙江海洋大學(xué)國際交流處副處長鐘偉良表示，舞蹈只是留學(xué)生生活中很小的一部分，可是他們卻通過舞蹈感受到了中國海島獨(dú)特的文化；學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)束后，他們一部分人會(huì)選擇回國，會(huì)把他們學(xué)習(xí)舞蹈的故事講述給更多的人。

浙江海洋大學(xué)還計(jì)劃讓更多的留學(xué)生去了解和體驗(yàn)中國傳統(tǒng)文化，一起講好中國故事。浙江海洋大學(xué)的老師們深信，中國的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)會(huì)更好地綻放于“一帶一路”沿線國家。

‘Flea Dance is a native folk celebration popular in Zhoushan， the countrys largest archipelago in East China Sea. In good old days， island residents held the dance to pay homage to the god of sea and celebrate harvest. Gradually， the flea dance evolved into a special ritual performance at the sacrificial ceremony in honor of the kitchen god. In 2006， the dance was inscribed on Zhejiang Provinces list of intangible cultural heritage.

The dance is performed by a man and a woman. The man is dressed as a monk and the woman as the goddess of fire holds an umbrella in one hand and a flower basket in the other. The monk moves right and left to stop the goddess from coming forward and the goddess moves left and right to move forward and drive the monk away.

According to the Annals of Dinghai County， the dance originated in Fujian， a province to the south of Zhejiang in the years of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The dance migrated from the south to Shenjiamen， the biggest fishing port in Zhoushan. At first， the dance presented no plot and displayed no characters. In 1922， the dance became what it is today thanks to Zhang Xiaoshan， an old teacher of a private school in White Spring Town （Baiquan Town） on Dinghai Island. The dance was choreographed to dramatize a scene of the popular local folk tale called “The Mad Monk Tries to Stop Goddess of Fire”.

Sun Liang， a dance teacher with Ocean University of Zhejiang based in Zhoushan， began to conduct a comprehensive study of the folk dance in 2012. The initial study results indicated that theoretical research wouldnt do very much to carry on the tradition. In 2013， she founded a flea dance team at the university， giving students an opportunity to learn how to do this stint. She made arrangements for the team to stage a show two or three times every year to the general public and compare notes with folk artists. By now， over 60 students have learned how to do the flea dance.

In 2016， Sun made an inquiry among international students of the university to see if they would be willing to do the flea dance. To her surprise， they responded enthusiastically. Many signed in， but the team was not ready to take them all in. Some who were not selected came to practice again and again.

Bhoke from Tanzania and Katyusha from Russia are a pair of dancers who are taking the same graduate course of food science and safety engineering. Katyusha was surprised to find her classmate there the first time she went to the practice room. The teacher paired them for the flea dance and they were happy to be chosen. They spent a lot of time practicing on and off the campus in order. The dancing gave them ample chances to meet people and visit different places. Katyusha finds it very interesting to do the beautiful dance and feels motivated by the story behind the dance.

At present， the university flea-dance team has six international students from Russia， Ukraine， Kazakhstan， and Tanzania.

“Dancing is only a small component of the life of international students on the campus， but they can certainly feel the unique characteristic of Chinas island lifestyle. Some of them will go back home after graduation and they will pass on their dancing experience to more people，” says Zhong Weiliang， deputy director of international exchanges department of Ocean University of Zhejiang.

The university plans to better expose international students to the depth and breadth of Chinas traditional culture so as to help promote the Belt & Road Initiative. Nowadays， international students with the university can take courses on more local folk art traditions.