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煙草鎘低積累材料根系鎘吸收動力學特征

2018-05-14 09:36:58趙明李廷軒黃化剛傅慧杰
中國煙草科學 2018年5期
關鍵詞:煙草

趙明 李廷軒 黃化剛 傅慧杰

摘 要:為揭示煙草Cd低積累材料根系Cd吸收特性,本研究采用水培試驗,以煙草Cd低積累材料RG11、CF986為研究對象,高積累材料Yuyan5為對照,探討煙草Cd低積累材料根系Cd吸收動力學特征。結果表明:(1)隨培養液Cd濃度升高,兩類煙草材料生物量均顯著降低(p≤0.05),但RG11、CF986地上部和地下部生物量降幅低于Yuyan5;同時兩類煙草材料Cd含量均顯著增加(p≤0.05),但RG11、CF986地上部和地下部Cd含量顯著低于Yuyan5(p≤0.05)。(2)隨Cd處理時間延長,兩類煙草材料根系Cd吸收總量呈上升趨勢,擬合得到的RG11、CF986直線斜率值小于Yuyan5,為Yuyan5的68.6%和80.0%。相同時間Cd處理下,RG11、CF986根系Cd吸收總量比Yuyan5低8.6%~27.7%。(3)兩類煙草材料根系Cd吸收速率隨Cd處理濃度的增加而升高。RG11、CF986根系最大吸收速率為Yuyan5的33.4%和48.5%,真實吸收能力比Yuyan5低51.3%和7.9%,直線斜率是Yuyan5的1.3和1.4倍。與高積累材料相比,煙草Cd低積累材料根系Cd吸收能力更弱,根系質外體對Cd的吸附能力更強。

關鍵詞:煙草;鎘;低積累;根系;吸收動力學

中圖分類號:S572.01 文章編號:1007-5119(2018)05-0040-07 DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2018.05.006

Abstract: Using the low cadmium (Cd) accumulating tobacco lines RG11 and CF986 and the control high Cd accumulating tobacco line Yuyan5, a hydroponic experiment was carried out to investigate Cd uptake kinetic characteristics of the low Cd accumulating lines. The results showed that: (1) The biomass of the two types of tobacco lines decreased significantly with increasing Cd concentrations in hydroponic solutions(p≤0.05). RG11 and CF986 showed lower biomass decline for both shoots and roots than Yuyan5. Cd accumulation in the two types of tobacco lines increased significantly with increasing Cd concentrations in hydroponic solutions(p≤0.05). Cd concentrations in shoots and roots of RG11 and CF986 were significantly lower than those of Yuyan5 (p≤0.05). (2) The total Cd uptake amount by roots of the two types of tobacco lines increased with increasing Cd treatment time. The slopes of the fitting lines of RG11 and CF986 were 68.6% and 80.0% of Yuyan5. The total Cd uptake amounts by roots of RG11 and CF986 were 8.6% and 27.7% lower than that of Yuyan5 under the same Cd treatment time. (3) Cd uptake rates by roots of the two types of tobacco lines increased with the increasing Cd concentrations in hydroponic solutions. The maximum Cd uptake rates of RG11 and CF986 were 33.4% and 48.5% of Yuyan5. The truly Cd uptake ability of RG11 and CF986 were 51.3% and 7.9% lower than Yuyan5. The slopes of the fitting lines of RG11 and CF986 were 1.3 and 1.4 times higher than Yuyan5. Compared with the high Cd accumulating tobacco line, the low Cd accumulating tobacco lines showed lower Cd uptake ability and greater absorption ability by root apoplasts.

Keywords: tobacco; cadmium; low accumulation; roots; uptake kinetic

隨著工農業現代化的迅速發展,化肥、農藥及污泥的大量施用,土壤鎘(Cd)污染問題越來越嚴重[1-2]。Cd作為毒性強的重金屬元素之一,易被植物吸收積累[3-4]。Cd在植物體內的積累與其自身吸收特性密切相關,根系吸收動力學是反映植物根系吸收能力的有效手段[5-6]。水稻(Oryza sativa L.)[7]、玉米(Zea mays L.)[8]、向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)[9]、生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)[10]等根系吸收Cd的動態變化過程均符合米氏方程。動力學參數隨植物品種、生態型或積累型的不同而有所差異。比較不同煙草品種Cd吸收動力學參數發現,云煙85根系最大吸收速率和吸收能力均高于其余品種[11]。Cd高積累水稻品種根系米氏常數Km值顯著低于Cd低積累水稻品種[12]。而兩類生態型東南景天根系吸收Cd的Km值無明顯差異,但超積累型東南景天根系最大吸收速率是非超積累型的兩倍[13]。

由表2分析可知,隨Cd處理濃度升高,兩類煙草材料地上部和地下部Cd含量顯著增加。相同濃度Cd處理下,兩類煙草材料Cd含量均表現為地上部遠高于地下部,且RG11、CF986地上部和地下部Cd含量均顯著低于Yuyan5,但兩個低積累材料間無顯著差異。RG11、CF986地上部Cd含量比Yuyan5低22.5%~36.5%和22.4%~36.3%,地下部Cd含量比Yuyan5低16.6%~37.9%和15.2%~33.5%。

2.2 煙草根系Cd吸收時間動力學特征

隨Cd處理時間的延長,兩類煙草材料根系Cd吸收總量均呈上升趨勢(圖1)。在Cd處理0.5~6 h間,兩類煙草材料根系對Cd的吸收總量隨處理時間的增加呈快速增長。當處理時間為8~48 h,兩類煙草材料根系Cd吸收總量增長變緩,呈線性特征。RG11、CF986和Yuyan5根系Cd吸收總量隨時間變化的擬合方程分別為Y=0.0024X+0.2306(R2=0.96)、Y=0.0028X+0.2765(R2=0.98)和Y=0.0035X+0.2306(R2=0.99)。方程擬合的斜率能反映植物根系對Cd的吸收能力,擬合得到的RG11、CF986直線斜率值小于Yuyan5,分別為Yuyan5的68.6%和80.0%。相同時間Cd處理下,RG11、CF986根系Cd吸收總量均低于Yuyan5,比Yuyan5低8.6%~27.7%。

2.3 煙草根系Cd吸收濃度動力學特征

從圖2可知,各材料吸收特征曲線均符合Michaelis-Menten動力學方程,方程相關系數R2均達0.97以上,擬合度較好(表3),吸收曲線可分解得到飽和曲線和直線。兩類煙草材料根系Cd吸收速率隨Cd處理濃度的升高而增大,當Cd處理濃度大于0.6 mg/L時增加幅度變緩。相同濃度Cd處理下,RG11、CF986根系Cd吸收速率均低于Yuyan5,比Yuyan5低9.3%~62.4%。此外,兩類煙草材料根系米氏常數Km值差異不大(表3),RG11、CF986根系對Cd的最大吸收速率Vmax為26.05和37.84 μg/(g·h),僅為Yuyan5的33.4%和48.5%,根系α值也比Yuyan5低51.3%和7.9%。RG11、CF986非飽和曲線分解的直線斜率a值大于Yuyan5,分別為Yuyan5的1.3倍和1.4倍。

3 討 論

不同植物或同一植物不同積累型其根系吸收Cd的時間變化過程不同,但都表現為兩個階段[24]。相關研究指出,在Cd處理前期,生菜對Cd的吸收快速上升,后期增長速度變緩[10]。不同Cd積累型油菜品種根系對Cd的吸收均在Cd處理前1 h呈線性快速增長,隨后上升速度變緩[25]。本研究中出現了相同的現象,在Cd處理0.5~6 h,兩類煙草材料根系對Cd的吸收呈快速增長,隨后增長變緩。植物根系對Cd的吸收能力差異,可通過研究不同時間Cd處理下植株Cd吸收總量變化得到[26]。本研究指出,不同時間Cd處理下,兩類煙草材料根系Cd吸收總量隨處理時間的延長而增加,RG11、CF986根系Cd吸收總量均低于Yuyan5,當處理時間為8~48 h,RG11、CF986根系Cd吸收總量隨時間變化的直線斜率低于Yuyan5,表明煙草Cd低積累材料根系Cd吸收能力弱于高積累材料,是其葉部Cd積累低的原因之一。然而,不同時間Cd處理下,油菜Cd低積累品種根系Cd吸收能力強于高積累品種,木質部對Cd的運輸能力則弱于高積累品種[25],可見木質部Cd運輸能力是影響不同Cd積累型油菜品種地上部Cd 積累的關鍵因素,因此后期有必要開展煙草Cd低積累材料Cd轉運的相關研究。

植物根系吸收Cd的過程包括共質體吸收和質外體吸附兩種途徑[27],在研究植物根系對Cd的共質體吸收時,需同時考慮根細胞質外體對Cd離子的吸附,可用改進后的米氏方程表征[28]。本研究中,在Cd處理0.5~6 h,兩類煙草材料擬合曲線與縱軸的交點高出原點,可見兩類材料在解析過程中均有部分Cd吸附在根系質外體上未被解析下來,RG11、CF986吸附量小于Yuyan5,在YAMAGUCHI等[29]的研究中也出現了相同的現象。

動力學參數可用于定量判斷植物根系吸收離子能力的大小,對揭示不同植物對離子的吸收差異有重要意義[30-31]。本研究發現,兩類煙草材料根系米氏常數Km值差異不大,說明兩者根系細胞膜上載體對Cd離子的親和力接近,與羅潔文等[32]對類蘆Cd、Pb吸收特征的研究結果一致。最大吸收速率Vmax可表征植物根系對Cd的最大內在吸收潛力。HE等[7]研究發現,Cd敏感型突變體水稻根系Vmax值顯著高于野生水稻,導致Cd敏感型水稻根系Cd吸收潛力更強,同時也是其Cd敏感性更強的原因之一。本研究中,煙草Cd低積累材料RG11、CF986根系最大吸收速率Vmax小于高積累材料Yuyan5,表明煙草Cd低積累材料根系對Cd的吸收潛力更弱,可能是煙草Cd低積累材料根系質膜上Cd相應運輸載體數量較少或活性較弱所致[13]。Vmax/Km即α值表示Cd進入植物根系的速率,可反映根系對Cd的真實吸收能力[9,33]。STRITSIS等[34]發現菠菜、亞麻根系Cd吸收能力α值是玉米、向日葵的兩倍,可能是菠菜、亞麻地上部Cd含量顯著高于玉米、向日葵的原因。蘇柳172根系最大吸收速率Vmax是垂柳的20倍,但根系α值卻低于垂柳,說明垂柳根系Cu2+吸收能力強于蘇柳172[6]。本研究中,RG11、CF986根系α值小于Yuyan5,表現出與最大吸收速率Vmax相同的趨勢,可見煙草Cd低積累材料根系Cd吸收能力弱于高積累材料。然而,RG11、CF986非飽和曲線分解的直線斜率a值大于Yuyan5,說明煙草Cd低積累材料根系質外體對Cd的吸附能力更強。這一現象可能與煙草Cd低積累材料根系細胞壁對Cd的固定有關,從而限制Cd向地上部的轉移,導致其葉部Cd積累能力弱于高積累材料。因此,今后可從根系細胞壁固定這一方面來探討煙草Cd低積累材料根系對Cd的固持,進一步明晰煙草Cd低積累材料的低積累機制。

4 結 論

兩類煙草材料根系Cd吸收動力學參數存在差異。與高積累材料相比,煙草Cd低積累材料根系Cd吸收能力更弱,根系質外體對Cd的吸附能力更強,是其葉部Cd積累低的原因之一。

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