An Endangered Species Rescued from the Brink of Extinction

By JIANG FUMEI

THE crested ibis， known as red ibis in ancient times， is a rare bird exclusive to East Asia， enjoying Chinas highest level of protection. It is very popular among people and praised as the “Gem of the Orient” for its crimson plumes and elegant posture. In the eyes of Chinese people， it is a“lucky bird” and a symbol of auspicious- ness. Now China is the only country in the world with wild crested ibises.

The crested ibis has a long beak， a phoenix crest， and red face. The female and male look the same in color and shape. Its cheek is bare， showing red skin， making it distinct from other birds. It has a pinkish-orange iris， dark and down-curved beak. A dense crest of white plumes covers the nape. The legs are not long， and the lower part of the shins shows vermilion skin. Except for the lower part under the wings and part of the tail which are vermilion， it is covered in white plumage and looks beautiful and elegant.

The crested ibises are picky about living conditions. They need not only a quiet environment with relatively few enemies but also tall trees for perching as well as paddy fields and marshes for food. They perch on trees at night and fly to rice paddies， muddy ground， and clean streams for food in the daytime. When searching for food， they often probe into the soil and water with their long and curved beaks. While resting， they put their long beaks into the plumes on the back， the swaying crest in the breeze gives them a very natural and unrestrained look. When flying， they stretch their heads and legs and clap their wings slowly but forcefully. Their light and slow steps add to their elegance. Their chirping sounds like the cawing of the crow， they only sing occasionally when taking flight.

Every year during breeding season from March to May， the crested ibis will make a simple nest with twigs and grass on thick branches of tall chestnut， poplar or pine trees. The nest is as flat as a plate with a concave middle part. A female normally lays two to four light-green eggs. After about 30 days， the newborns will come out. After two months， the fledglings will develop grey and full plumes. It takes three years for a nestling to mature and produce offspring.

According to historical records， the crested ibis used to be widespread in China， Korean Peninsula， Japan， and southeast Siberia. China has the widest distribution with the Xingkai Lake in Heilongjiang River Valley to the north， Fujian and Taiwan to the east， Tianshui of Gansu Province to the west， and Hainan to the south.

China also has the earliest record of crested ibises in history. Back to over 2，100 years ago， crested ibis was written into The Historical Records and Folk Songs in the Han Dynasty， in which crested ibis was compared to a man who dares to present admonishment to the emperor. Therefore， a big drum on which a red ibis is painted usually stands in Chinas ancient court. The officials must beat the drum before they present admonishment to the emperor.

The crested ibis was widely referred to in poetry during the Tang Dynasty（618-907）， this image is often associated with the imperial court and wealth. In China， the color red represents rich and honor. The elegance and nobleness of crested ibis fits perfectly with royalty. In ancient Japan where Chinese culture had great influence， the crested ibis is regarded as a “sacred bird” and even the national bird. Its image also appears widely in the imperial palace and kimono.

Prior to the beginning of the 20th century， the water fowl was still seen in many places. According to historical records， in December 1911， thousands of crested ibises flocked in Gimje， west bank of the Korean Peninsula， resembling endless rosy clouds. In Aomori in Japan， farmers regarded it as a pernicious bird as too many crested ibises spoil the paddy fields. There were countless crested ibises in China and the Siberian wetland. Till the 1930s， traces of crested birds could be found in at least 14 provinces in China.

However， with the development of modern agricultural technology， the habitat for crested ibises dwindled sharply. The wide use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers led to less food for crested ibis and even poisoned a large number of the birds. In 1960， the crested ibis was labeled as an “internationally conserved bird” at the International Bird Protection Conference held in Tokyo. In 1963， scientists searched for crested ibises in the Far East but didnt find any trace. In 1967， a conservation center for crested ibis was built in Sado Island， Japan. In 1975， the last crested ibis on the Korean Peninsula disappeared. In 1981， in order to rescue crested ibis from extinction， Japan captured all the remaining six crested ibises for artificial rearing， which denoted the extinction of wild crested ibises in Japan.

On May 18， 1981， after searching for over three years and trekking 50，000 km， Chinese scientists found two nestling ground and seven wild crested ibises in the mountain forest in Yaojiagou， Dadian Village， Yangxian County of Shaanxi Province. The conservation efforts have since initiated in China.

China drew on lessons from Japan in protecting crested ibises. The protection of crested ibises is carried out in and outside Yangxian County. Captive breeding was also adopted. In August 1981， Yangxian government designated a conservation area for crested ibis and set up laws to forbid mining， hunting and logging in the area. In 1983， the local government encouraged farmers to discard pesticides or chemical fertilizers in conservation area and expanded natural wetlands and winter paddy fields. In addition， the government solicited funds to build an ideal habitat for crested ibis by restoring over 230 hectares of natural wetland， renovating 100 hectares of winter paddy fields， planting 2，600 hectares of forests， and dredging 30-km-long ditches. In September 2001， a nature reserve at provincial level was built in Hanzhong， Shaanxi Province， which was listed a national-level nature reserve on August 9， 2005.

The artificial rearing of crested ibis started in Beijing Zoo in 1981， followed by Yangxian County in 1990. The year 1995 saw a breakthrough in captive breeding technology. In 2002， 30 pairs of crested ibises were brought from Yangxian in the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains to Zhouzhi County in the northern slope.

Thanks to these efforts， crested ibises were rescued from the brink of extinction. At present， there are over 13 conservation areas across China， including Shaanxi， Gansu， Beijing， Shanghai， Henan， Zhejiang， and Fujian. In Huzhou， Zhejiang Province， a group of wild crested ibises were born by the way of artificial incubation. By conservative estimate， now the population of crested ibises has exceeded 5，000， in which the wild number about 3，000.

The crested ibis also plays the role of a diplomatic envoy and has become a symbol of China-Japanese friendship– now in Japan there are about 200 crested ibises that come from China.