《英語課程標準(2011年版)》中明確指出,義務教育階段的英語課程承擔著培養學生基本英語素養和發展學生思維能力的任務。但是在小學階段的英語語篇教學中,傳統教學過分強調詞匯語法的掌握,忽略了閱讀習慣和閱讀能力等關鍵問題,小學生的英語思維能力,思維品質有待提高。本文將以小學英語五下《Unit2 How do you come to school Story time》storytime教學為例,淺談圍繞主題語境如何有效的設問并在追問中發展學生的英語思維品質,培養學生語言的運用能力。
五年級下冊《Unit2 How do you come to school 》Story time語篇主要圍繞主人公Su Hai, Mike, Yang Ling和Liu Tao 討論上學方式,以及為什么要選擇這樣的方式而展開的一場對話。對話中包含了四個人的上學方式和居住地點,在語言結構上包含了“Where do you live?”和“How do you come to school?”兩個新句型;詞匯上包含了“by bus”“by metro”“by taxi”等交通方式以及“Moon Street”“Park Street”“Sunshine Town”等表示地點的名稱,文本內容初看信息量很大,如果對于語篇的處理沒有通過自己靜心的思考、鉆研、聯系學生的實際,而是憑借自己已有的知識經驗去理解內容,那么教師的教學效果就顯而易見,學生的學習以及對文本的理解肯定會顯得很錯亂。所以,如何將文本中的大量信息和知識形成一個清晰的而又有所關聯的整體是課前鉆研的關鍵所在。因此,筆者在教學設計中,主要從主線“How do you come to school”出發,順其自然會聯想到“Why do they come to school by …?”從而引發了后面地點的詢問“Where do they live?”以及細節的討論“Because…”。
在教學設計中,筆者明確了主線后,思考話題如何引入,活動如何設計才能引起學生的共鳴,觸發他們的思維,又能很自然的切入主題,筆者決定聯系實際,從情境出發,從興趣和學生的年齡特點入手,挖掘教材與生活的契合點,讓貼近學生生活實際的話題從學生與教師的free talk開始。在一首歌曲《The wheels on the bus》的快樂演唱氛圍中開始了師生間的交流,教學片段如下:
T:Now you know we have some different ways to go anywhere, what are they?
S1: By bus, by bike, on foot.
S2: By car, by taxi.
S3: By metro.
T: Yes, you know so much. And I usually come to school on foot. Because I live near school, I think walking is good for me . How do you come to school?
S4: I come to school by car.
T: Do you live far from the school?(做出很遠的手勢)
S4:Yes, its very far.
T:How about you?
S5: I live near school. I come to school on foot.
T: So do I . Do you like this way?
S5: Yes , I often come to school with my mother, she gives me nice food.
T: You are so happy. Boys and girls , you come to school in different ways. Our friends Su Hai, Mike, Yang Ling and Liu Tao, they come to school in different ways too. What do you want to know about them?
S6: How do they come to school?
S7: Where do they live?
S8: Do they live near school too?
T: Now lets watch and match: How do they come to school?
分析:現代教育理論指出:“產生學習的根本原因是問題”。問題是英語學習動力的根源,有效開展師生、生生互動的課堂提問是重要的教學手段之一,通過有效的追問能夠啟迪學生的思維?;陧槕匀坏慕虒W原則,筆者在導入中從教師示范著手,在語境中有效的追問,學生能夠模仿老師運用自己的知識儲備與老師互動,并且在互動中自然引入語篇,關注語篇的主要信息,能夠對文本產生預測以及產生求知的需求。
帶著學生自己的預測去閱讀目的性更強,能夠幫助學生更好的理解文本,也能夠使閱讀過程變得更有趣味,在讀中環節,教師不僅要關注對文本表層信息的提取,更要引導學生挖掘文本的細節,對文本進行深度的解讀和分析,在提升學生的閱讀技能的同時發展其語言思維能力。
教學片段:
T: You know the different ways they come to school. But why?
S1: Because they live in different places.
T: Maybe you are right. Lets try to find where they live.
筆者先呈現出一張地圖,圖示中只出示Su Hai的家 和Su Hai的學校.
T:Look at the map. Here is Su Hais home. That is Su Hais school.
Why does she come to school by bus? Guess.
S1: Because Su Hais home is far from her school.
S2: Maybe there is a bus from her home to school.
T: Good. Its far from here and there is a bus stop. So Su Hai comes to school by bus.
(PPT顯示City Library 的圖以及路名Moon Street)Look ,where does she live?
S3: She lives on Moon Street, near City Library.
分析:教師延續上一環節的情境,呈現學生疑惑的問題“How do they come to school?”,帶領學生一起觀看動畫視頻,獲取交通方式的信息,并用不同的形式進行互動反饋信息,教師在追問“Why do they come to school by …?”最后自然呈現出學生的第二大疑惑“Where do they live?”為了做出清晰的示范,為了有效開展后面的合作活動,教師引領學生一起看地圖,通過互動交流以及形象生動的肢體動作,讓孩子積極思維,自然生成語言,達到思維的共鳴。
在反饋Where do they live時,筆者適時追問How do you know? Why A is Yang Lings home? 讓學生在顯性的地圖上學習新的地名詞,而且比較直觀的去感受方位和位置關系。處理完文本之后,及時在情境中引導學生思維,將文章的細節前后聯系起來,讓學生聯系實際和生活經驗去思考問題,自然生成新的語言,鍛煉語言的組織運用能力。
教學片段:
T: You know (手指地圖) there is a bus stop near Su Hais home ,she lives far from her school. So she comes to school by bus. How about them?
S1: Yang Ling comes to school on foot, because she lives near her school.
T: Yes, I think its good for her to walk to school. How about Liu Tao?
S2: Liu Tao comes to school by taxi, because his father is a taxi driver.
T:Do you think its a good way?
S3: No , I think there are many bikes and cars in front of the school, its very crowed.
T: Can you give him a good advise?
S3:Maybe he can come to school by bus.
S4:Maybe he can walk to school near the school.
T: Right. And I also think we can choose a green way to come to
school. Because the air is not clean. What about Mike?
S4: Mike comes to school by metro.
T: Do you know why? From the book, we dont know, try to guess.
S4: Maybe there is a metro station near his home.
T: Yes , its very convenient.
S5:Maybe he likes taking the metro, because the metro is very fast.
T: Yes, he can come to school early because of the metro. What else?
S6: Maybe the metro is very cheap.
T: Yes, it needs less money.
S7: Maybe its…沒有污染
T:Great, its a green way . There is not much pollution.
分析:通過師生間的互動交流,在情境中追問,充分挖掘文本留白的部分,教師要抓住這樣的機會讓孩子體驗,讓學生深入思考,發揮想象,讓孩子用自己真實的思想去表達語言。在提到Liu Tao的出行方式時,有學生想到了學校門口擁擠的現象,順勢而為的可以讓學生給出建議,所以課堂中無法預見的生成是需要老師去引導和激發的。其次文本中對于Su Hai, Yang Ling ,Liu Tao的出行方式以及選擇這樣的方式的理由都有體現,但是Mike 乘坐地鐵的出行方式理由文中沒有體現,這時筆者抓住了這個留白讓孩子去思考,孩子們在思考的過程中產生了自己的想法,教師在課堂生成過程中也給予了學生足夠的時間和空間,并引導學生之間產生情感共鳴,有話可講。
我們知道,教學的目的在于最后的實踐運用,在運用中加強語言和思維能力培養的創新性實踐性,學生在實踐中能夠自然生成自己的語言,是建立在教師之前的教學過程是否是單一機械還是不停在挖掘思維的。通過前面的預測、概括、探索以及梳理,筆者最后將語篇的情境適時的還原給學生,讓他們聯系實際運用邏輯思維去整理自己的生活體驗,表述關于到學校的出行方式,以及選擇這種出行方式的主要原因。于學生而言這是個挑戰,因為他們會遇到生的詞匯,然后用已知的局限的詞匯去轉述,也會思考到一些話題之外的客觀原因,生成文本之外的語言;于教師而言,這種生成是值得期待的,希望學生能夠將所學的語言靈動的體現,通過合作互助的活動真正將所學運用起來,訓練他們的思維。
教學片段:
T:Now you know the ways they come to school. Boys and girls, from Monday to Friday, how do you come to school? Lets talk about it.Ok?
Ss: Ok.
T:First, take out the map of your home.(課前準備)please write down the name of the street or draw the symbols of the line, bus or metro you need. Then talk about with your partner.
分析:學生兩人一組進行合作,完成家庭地址的大致地圖,在這個繪制過程中,其實學生們已有了一個語言表達的支柱,并且在標注地名,路名,交通方式的符號過程中,邏輯思維已經得到了發展,可以讓后面的交流有層次性。筆者還發現,部分孩子住在相同的地方,可是到學校的方式卻不一樣,他們在詢問理由的過程中發現誰的方式更好,環保理念得到了提升,并且還商量著可以相約一起上下學,一切交流都是那么的水到渠成。
新課標引領下的小學英語閱讀教學對教師提出了更高的要求。教學活動要有明確的交流目的,真實的交流意義和具體的操作要求,使學生能夠在個體和合作的實踐活動中發展語言與思維能力。教師只有真正做到以學生的興趣、需要為主體,以生活化的真實課堂為依托,創設有利于培養學生思維能力的語言訓練活動,搭建語用平臺,才能真正發展學生思維品質和綜合語言運用能力。
【作者簡介】季宇華,南京市浦口區實驗小學