On the Effect of Negative Transfer of Da Tong Dialect Phonetics to English Pronunciation

摘 要：方言是我們自幼長大就非常熟知的一門語言，我們稱它為第一語言。在學習第二語言的時候，我們通常會運用已有的第一語言的知識去影響第二語言的學習。本文作者的方言為大同話，第二語言為英語，在英語學習中，常常遇到英語發音不標準，口音中夾雜一種大同味道的英語。究其原因，則要提到一種語言學習中的遷移理論。本文主要研究的是大同方言發音對英語發音的負遷移影響。

關鍵詞：大同方言語音；英語發音；負遷移

Abstract：The dialect is the language we are so familiar with since we were born，we call it the first language.We will always use the knowledge of the first language what we have already known to study the second language.As a Da Tong dialect speaker，my second language is English.In English learning，I always encountered in the nonstandard pronunciation，which has a tone of Da Tong dialect.If we want to know the reason，we will introduce a theory called Transfer Theory.Here we mainly study the effect of negative transfer of Da Tong Dialect phonetics to English pronunciation.

Key words：DaTongDialect；phonetics；Englishpronunciation；negativetransfer

When learning English，people who have their own dialect will be fiddly and affected by the first language they knew.It is called the negative transfer on the first language to the second language.The article will discuss the pronunciation of Da Tong Dialect about the initial（sheng mu）and final（yun mu）of Da Tong Dialect and the pronunciation principles of it，and the pronunciation of English including the vowels and consonants and articulation of English.

1 The Initial（ShengMu）of Da Tong Dialect（Compared with Mandarin）

There are differences on the initials between Da Tong Dialect and mandarin.The initial of Da Tong Dialect doesnt have retroflex consonant（blade palatal）of mandarin，for example，zh[t]、ch[t‘]、sh[‘]、r[z].So if a Da Tong Dialect speaker want to say“睡覺”（shui jiao）、“吃飯”（chi fan）、“喝粥”（he zhou），he will say“sui jiao”、“ci fan”“he zou”.

2 The Final（Yun Mu）of Da Tong Dialect（Compared with Mandarin）

When we talked about the comparison between Da Tong dialect and mandarin，we will find that when Da Tong dialect speakers meet the vowel final[o]and[e]，they will mixture the pronunciation and pronounce[e]，so when they say the words like“活潑”（huo po），they will say（hue pe）.And for Da Tong dialect，there will also be a confusion of[ai]and[ei]，which will cause the wrong pronunciation like雪白（xue bai）to be（xue bei），The third mixture pronunciation is between[ian]and[ie]，they will say“大連”（da lian）to be（da lie）.

the Effect of Negative Transfer of Da Tong Dialect to English Pronunciation：

2.1 The Initial Vs.The Consonant

In Da Tong Dialect，there is no‘[w]，so we will always read the words‘where[wε?]”like[vε?]；‘watch[w ? t?]like[v ? t?]，because we cannot fix out[w]and[v].

In Da Tong Dialect，we dont have[θ][ ?] [?][t?][ tr][ r][d?][dr]，so we will read the words“thank[θ ? ? k]”like [s ? ? k]，this[? i s]like[z is]，and we are always not easy to read the retroflex consonant， because we dont have any retroflex consonant.So we will also mistake the word“fish[f i?]”into [f i s]，“sheep[?i： p]”into[s i： p].

2.2 The Final and Vowel

Through the comparison in finals of Da Tong dialect and mandarin，now it will be not difficult for us to conduct a comparison in phonetics between English and Da Tong Dialect.The English vowel[?：]，[?]will be mixed with the final[e]，so‘watch[w?：t?]will be read into[v?：t?].and the vowel[u]will be pronounced like[?u]，so‘lookwill be read like[l?uk].Besides，the vowel[?]will be read like[an]by a Da Tong dialect when he said the verb‘said.And for the negative transfer on the diphthong，we will always read[ai]to be[ei]，but sometimes[ei]to be[ai]，like the verb‘like，but we always will read it into[leik].

The article will be benefit to uplift the interest to learn English and encourage leaners to produce English correctly and natively like the local people and avoid the circumstance that the pronunciation sounds like‘not-so-professionaland‘not-so-native.

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作者簡介

肖悅琴（1992—），女，漢族，山西大同，碩士，山西財經大學，2015級，外國語言學及應用語言學，英語教學方向。