動(dòng)詞不定式考點(diǎn)聚焦

安徽省宿州市碭山縣唐寨中學(xué) 翟曉俠

試 一 試 ——經(jīng)典考題

品句填空

1.（2017·北京卷）Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ______（save） their valuable time.

2.（2017·天津卷）I was watching the clock all through the meeting,as I had a train _____（catch）.

3.（2017·江蘇卷）A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help ______（shape） your year ahead.

4.（2017·全國乙卷）They are required _____（process）the food that we eat,to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.

5.（2016·全國丙卷）Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal_____（create） special designs.

6.（2016·北京卷） ______（make） it easier to get in touch with us,you’d better keep this card at hand.

7.（2016·全國甲卷） If you find something you love doing outside of the office,you’ll be less likely _____（bring）your work home.

8.（2015·福建卷） ________（learn） more about Chinese culture,Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.

2.作賓語

（1）動(dòng)詞不定式常用在一些動(dòng)詞后作賓語。請(qǐng)牢記下面口訣：

希望學(xué)會(huì)下決心，拒絕計(jì)劃不假裝。

想方設(shè)法提請(qǐng)求，同意選擇求幫忙。

即 wish／hope／expect,learn,decide／determine;refuse,plan,pretend;want,manage,offer,ask／demand;agree／promise,choose,beg,help.另外，happen,fail,afford,wait,threaten等動(dòng)詞后也要用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語。

How they went to America is what Iwant to know.

他們?nèi)绾蔚矫绹俏蚁胫赖氖虑椤?/p>

A new cinema is being built here.Theyhope to finishit next month.

這里正在建一家新的影院。他們希望下個(gè)月能完成它。

Ihappen to knowthe answer to your question.

我碰巧知道你那個(gè)問題的答案。

（2）有些動(dòng)詞或短語后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別，要特別注意。

記 一 記 ——精準(zhǔn)考點(diǎn)

一、動(dòng)詞不定式的語法功能

1.作主語和表語

動(dòng)詞不定式作主語表示具體的動(dòng)作，尤其是某一次的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)詞不定式作表語，說明主謂的內(nèi)容。“be”后面的不定式和主語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，表示“要做的事情”。

To swimin this river is dangerous.

在這條河里游泳是危險(xiǎn)的。

Your work isto cleanthe room.

你的工作是打掃房間。

The sports meeting isto take placenext week.

運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)下周舉行。

Heremembered being introducedto the girl at a party.

他記得在一次聚會(huì)上被介紹給了那個(gè)女孩。

I willremember to postthe letter for you.

我要記得給你寄信。

I don’tregret tellingher what I thought.

我不后悔給她講過我的想法。

Iregret to haveto do this,but I have no choice.

我很遺憾必須這樣去做，但我實(shí)在沒辦法。

（3） 在 learn,decide,know,wonder,tell,understand,explain,teach,advise,find out等詞后常用“疑問詞＋不定式”作賓語。

Iwonder what to donext.我想知道下一步做什么。

He drew a diagram toshow us how to getto his house.

他畫了一張草圖,告訴我們到他家該怎么走。

3.作補(bǔ)語

動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)，其動(dòng)作多發(fā)生在句子謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后（具有“將來”的意義）。常用在ask,tell,force,get,allow,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,intend,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,permit,request,order,warn,cause等動(dòng)詞后。

Our English teacher oftenencouragesusto learn English.

我們的英語老師經(jīng)常鼓勵(lì)我們學(xué)英語。

They don’tallowhimto parkin front of the supermarket.

他們不允許他在超市前停車。

注意：在see,watch,hear,observe,look at,notice,feel,have,make,let等動(dòng)詞后，如果表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，要用不帶to的不定式。在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中作主語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞不定式要加to。

Isawhimbreak intothe house.我看見他闖入了房子。

We oftenhearhertalk aboutyou.我們經(jīng)常聽到她談?wù)撃恪?/p>

She is often heardto singin the room.有人經(jīng)常聽到她在房間里唱歌。

4.作定語

不定式作定語多和被修飾的名詞具有“動(dòng)賓關(guān)系”，即被修飾的名詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者；如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，就要在其后面加上相應(yīng)的介詞。

I am hungry.Please give me somethingto eat.

我餓了，請(qǐng)給我些東西吃。

Brown has something importantto deal withat present.

目前布朗有重要的事情要處理。

注意：在last,first,second等表示順序的詞后要用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語。

Our monitor was thelastoneto leaveclassroom yesterday.

昨天我們班長(zhǎng)是最后一個(gè)離開教室的。

5.作狀語

動(dòng)詞不定式放在句首常作目的狀語，放在only后作結(jié)果狀語，放在表示“高興、快樂、生氣和遺憾”的形容詞后作原因狀語。

To sleep latein the morning,Bob turned off the alarm.

為了在早上多睡會(huì)，鮑勃關(guān)掉了鬧鐘。

He hurried to the cinemaonly to findthat all the tickets had been sold out.

他匆匆忙忙趕到電影院，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)票售完了。

I am veryglad to knowyou are coming.

得知你要來，我非常高興。

二、動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)

意義一般式 其動(dòng)作與句中的謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生進(jìn)行式 其動(dòng)作與句中的謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式 其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前主動(dòng)語態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)t o d o t o b e d o n e t o b e d o i n g——t o h a v e d o n e t o h a v e b e e n d o n e

動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式表示幾乎和謂語同時(shí)發(fā)生或謂語動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；不定式的完成式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生；不定式的進(jìn)行式表示和謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

You are saidto be writinga paper on pollution.據(jù)說你正在寫篇關(guān)于污染的論文。

He thought it a pity notto have invitedus.

他認(rèn)為沒邀請(qǐng)我們是個(gè)遺憾。

學(xué) 一 學(xué) ——高效方法

1.作目的狀語,一般要用不定式。

When asked why he went there,he said he was sent there _______（train） for a space flight.

【答案與解析】to be trained語境：當(dāng)問他為什么到那里去時(shí)，他說他被派往那里接受太空飛行訓(xùn)練。分析句子成分可知，所填的詞作目的狀語，所以用動(dòng)詞不定式。由于train和he有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

2.在名詞后作定語時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生，要用動(dòng)詞不定式。

There are still many problems _______（solve） before we are ready for a long living on the Moon.

【答案與解析】to be solved 語境：在我們準(zhǔn)備去月球上長(zhǎng)期生活之前，這里還有很多問題有待解決。根據(jù)語境可知，很多問題還沒有被解決，是表示將要發(fā)生的事情，所以使用不定式。而這些問題又是要被解決的，所以使用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

3.作結(jié)果狀語,表示意外或不好的結(jié)果時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞不定式。

He hurried to the booking office only _______（tell）that all the tickets had been sold out.

【答案與解析】to be told 語境：他匆忙趕到了售票處，卻被告知所有的票都售完了。分析句子成分可知，所填的詞在句中作結(jié)果狀語，由于是意想不到的結(jié)果，所以用動(dòng)詞不定式。he和tell有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

4.作定語，表示將要發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作要用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

Will you attend the meeting _________（hold） next week?

【答案與解析】to be held語境：你會(huì)參加下周舉行的會(huì)議嗎？動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語可知，hold所表示的動(dòng)作還沒有發(fā)生，所以用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

用 一 用 ——能力提升

學(xué)習(xí)英語語法不能死記硬背一些語法規(guī)則，只有在口頭或書面交流中靈活運(yùn)用這些語法規(guī)則才能實(shí)現(xiàn)能力的提升。在書面表達(dá)中，恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂脛?dòng)詞不定式可以使所寫的句子簡(jiǎn)練，并提升文章的檔次。請(qǐng)看下面的例子：

1.表示目的，可用動(dòng)詞不定式來代替so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句。

（2017·全國乙卷） You’d better get a brief idea of the history of theTangDynasty beforehandso that you will have a better understanding of the poems.

→To have a better understanding of the poems,you’d better get a brief idea of the history of theTang Dynasty beforehand.

2.作定語時(shí)，可用動(dòng)詞不定式來代替定語從句。

（2017·全國甲卷）I am writing to invite you to go to the paper-cutting exhibitionwhich will be heldthis weekend in our school.

→I am writing to invite you to go to the paper-cutting exhibitionto be heldthis weekend in our school.

3.可以用動(dòng)詞不定式把復(fù)合句變?yōu)楹?jiǎn)單句。

It is said that the bookhas been translated intoseveral foreign languages.

→The book is saidto have been translated intoseveral foreign languages.

Little Tom pretended thathe was readingwhen his father came in.

→Little Tom pretendedto be readingwhen his father came in.

練 一 練 ——熟能生巧

品句填空

1.After receiving theOscarfor Best Supporting Actress,Anne Benedict went on ________（thank） all the people who had helped in her career.

2.It happened _______（snow） when I got off the train at Beijing Railway Station.

3.The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable______ （hold）.

4.—Who is _______（blame） for the breakdown of the school computer network?

—I think Mary is.She has been in the computer room all morning.

5.Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students_______（talk）over what is bothering them.

6._______（learn） more about Chinese culture,Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.7.I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good _______（breathe）.

8.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but the driver refused _______（stop） until we reached the next stop.

9.It took years of work _______（reduce） the industrial pollution and clean the water.

10.When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ______（cool） the house during the hot day.

11_____.（make） it easier to get in touch with us,you’d better keep this card at hand.

12.His brother is said ______（study） abroad,but I don’t know which country he studied in.