千里馬的進階之道

文/五花肉

韓愈云:“世有伯樂，然后有千里馬。千里馬常有，而伯樂不常有”。伯樂之所以如此重要，其核心就是掌握了挑選千里馬的標準。由此可見，選拔標準在人才進階的道路上，發揮著至關重要的作用。

Han Yu once said, "After Bole appeared, the winged steed was found. The winged steed is often seen, but Bole not". The reason why Bole is so important is that he masters the standards for selecting the winged steed.Therefore, selection standards play a vital role in talent development.

察舉選拔逐漸式微

"Recommendation through Observation"System

“考其德行，察其道藝”的推薦察舉制自西周延續至魏晉南北朝，強調以出身、道德品行為人才舉薦標準。漢代起，“孝悌”“廉正”是察舉的核心標準，到了魏晉南北朝出現了九品中正制，強調以家庭血統和父輩官位作為舉薦官員和評定品級的標準。九品中正制重出身而輕德才，旨在維護門閥士族的統治地位，造成了學校教育的廢弛，隨著門閥士族的式微而日漸被時代淘汰。

With the method of observing one's moral integrity,"recommendation through observation" system was established and came into force from the Western Zhou Dynasty to Wei, Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, taking the parentage and moral integrity as the candidate standards. From the Han Dynasty, filial piety and integrity are the assessment standards. When it came to Wei, Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, nine-rank system appeared,emphasizing the family pedigree and parental position which are the standards to recommend officials and assess their grade. Aiming to maintain aristocrats'dominant position, nine-rank system paid highly attention to parentage rather ability, resulting in the lax of school education. With the collapse of aristocrats,nine-rank system was gradually eliminated by the times.

科舉選拔突破階層Imperial Examination System

隋唐開創的科舉制，是當時人才選拔機制的一大創舉，一直沿用至明清。科舉制由中央政府舉行分科考試，以考試成績為選才標準。明清兩代進一步將科舉制標準化，即題目出自四書五經，內容須為“代圣賢立言”，文體以“八股文”為準。科舉制打破了推薦察舉制的階級限制，進一步強化了“學而優則仕”的觀念。然而，由于科舉制過分強調“圣賢書”，禁錮人們思想，忽略科學知識，阻礙了中國的近代歷程。至清末，在“西學東漸”的背景下，終被歷史淘汰。

The imperial examination system created in Sui and Tang Dynasties was a pioneering undertaking of talent selection mechanism, and it lasted until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The imperial examination was held by the central government and the results were taken as the selection standards. The Ming and Qing Dynasties further standardized this system:the essay question was from Four Books and Five Classics, examinees were required to write an eightparagraph essay, while imitating the tone of the classics. The imperial examination system broke the class restriction of the "recommendation through observation" system and further strengthened the concept of "A good scholar will make an official."However, because it excessively emphasized "the Sage book", imprisoned people's thought and neglected the scientific knowledge, it hindered China's modern development. Under the inf l uence of"Western Cultures", it was eventually eliminated by history at the end of Qing dynasty.

現代選拔日臻完善Modern Examination System

科舉制退出歷史舞臺后，人才選拔制度經歷了幾十年的滄桑變化，目前形成了以素質教育為基礎的考試選拔機制，以分學科標準化考試為主、各類職/執業資格考試為輔，包括高考、公務員考試等等，極大拓寬了學子們的發展道路，為各行各業輸送了專業人才。

After the imperial examination system's withdrawal of the history stage, the talent selection system has undergone several decades of vicissitudes. At present,it has formed an examination and selection mechanism based on the quality-oriented education, taking the standardized examination of the subject as the main part and the qualification examination of various occupation/ practice as a supplement, including college entrance examination, civil service examination, etc. It greatly broadens talents' development path and sends a great number of professionals to society.

結 語Conclusion

從推薦察舉、九品中正、科舉選拔到現代考試制度，我國作為世界上最早形成比較完備的人才選拔制度的國家，數千年來一直以標準化智慧來解決“伯樂不常有”這個人類社會學難題。在參與全球治理的新時代，不斷完善的人才選拔機制必將為華夏文明保持旺盛的生命力提供源源動力。

From "recommendation through observation"system and nine-rank system to imperial examination system, to modern examination system, as the first country in the world to form a relatively complete system of talent selection,China has been using standardization wisdom to solve the human sociological problem of "Bole is not always seen" in the past thousands of years. In the new era of global governance, the continuous improvement of the talent selection mechanism will provide a constant impetus for the Chinese civilization to maintain vigorous vitality.