張紅 周振鋒
[摘要] 目的 探討氨甲環酸對心臟手術圍術期凝血功能及術后腦梗死的影響。 方法 選取2017年2月~2018年2月來我院進行擇期體外循環心臟手術的100例患者為研究對象,根據治療方式的不同分為觀察組和對照組,其中觀察組60例,對照組40例,觀察組患者手術麻醉后給予氨甲環酸治療,對照組給予氯化鈉治療,比較兩組患者圍手術期凝血功能相關指標以及手術后腦梗死的發生情況。 結果 兩組患者治療前、后凝血酶原時間(prothrombin time, PT)、部分凝血酶時間(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、凝血酶時間(thrombin time,TT)以及纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)組間比較無顯著差異(P>0.05);治療前兩組患者的D-二聚體含量無顯著差異,治療后,觀察組的含量顯著低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);觀察組的腦梗死發生率為3.33%,與對照組的2.50%相比無顯著差異(P>0.05)。 結論 氨甲環酸不會導致明顯的體外循環心臟手術患者凝血功能的異常,患者術后發生腦梗死的概率較低,值得臨床推廣應用。
[關鍵詞] 氨甲環酸;心臟手術;凝血功能;腦梗死
[中圖分類號] R654.2 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2018)23-0129-04
Effects of tranexamic acid on perioperative coagulation function and postoperative infarction in cardiac surgery
ZHANG Hong ZHOU Zhenfeng
Department of Anesthesiology,Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital,Hangzhou 310000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of tranexamic acid on perioperative coagulation function and postoperative cerebral infarction in cardiac surgery. Methods A total of 100 patients undergoing elective cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in our hospital from February 2017 to February 2018 were selected. According to different treatment methods they were divided into observation group(n=60) and control group(n=40). The patients in the observation group were given tranexamic acid after anesthesia and the control group was given sodium chloride. The perioperative blood coagulation related indexes and the incidence of cerebral infarction after surgery were compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference in prothrombin time(PT), activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), thrombin time(TT) and fibrinogen (FIB) before and after treatment between the two groups(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in D-dimer content between the two groups before treatment. After treatment, the D-dimer content of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of cerebral infarction in the observation group(3.33%) and the control group(2.50%)(P>0.05). Conclusion Tranexamic acid does not cause obvious abnormal coagulation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. The probability of postoperative cerebral infarction is low, and tranexamic acid is worthy of clinical application.
[Key words] Tranexamic acid;Cardiac surgery;Coagulation function;Cerebral infarction
心臟體外循環手術(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)是指在心臟、大血管手術過程中,通過管道將體內的大血管與人工心肺機連接[1,2],在體外進行心肺轉流,將靜脈血引出,在體外氧合,然后輸回動脈系統的過程[3,4],隨著醫療水平的提高,雖然其安全性不斷完善,但仍不可避免地會對患者血液循環系統造成損傷[5,6]。目前,國際上建議在心臟體外循環手術過程中給予抗纖維蛋白溶解藥物,減少圍手術期的失血量,其中氨甲環酸最常用的抗纖溶藥物[7,8],但抗纖溶藥物的使用可能會增加患者血栓形成的風險,故本研究主要探討氨甲環酸對心臟手術圍術期凝血功能及術后腦梗死的影響,旨在為氨甲環酸在臨床的應用提供一定的理論依據,現報道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年2月~2018年2月在我院進行擇期體外循環心臟手術的100例患者為研究對象,根據治療方式的不同分為觀察組和對照組,其中觀察組60例,對照組40例。其中觀察組男38例,女22例;年齡18~64周歲,平均(48.3±5.7)周歲;平均體質量指數(average body mass index,ABMI)為15.8~24.1 kg/m2;左心室射血分數(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)為(45.8±5.2);左心室舒張末期直徑(left ventricular diastolic end diameter,LVDED)為(63.3±7.4)mm;心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ級;27例患者合并高血壓,31例患者合并糖尿病。對照組男25例,女15例;年齡18~65周歲,平均(48.5±5.9)周歲;平均體質量指數(ABMI)為16.0~24.2 kg/m2;左心室射血分數(LVEF)為(46.1±5.5);左心室舒張末期直徑為(63.1±7.7)mm;心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ級;18例患者合并高血壓,21例患者合并糖尿病。兩組患者性別、年齡、體質指數、LVEF、LVDED、疾病程度、合并癥等一般資料無顯著差異(P>0.05),具有臨床可比性。
1.2 納入和排除標準
納入標準:①所有入選患者均了解此項研究,并簽署知情同意書;②年齡18~65周歲;③術前心胸比≤0.8;LVEF≥35%,LVDED≤80 mm;④擇期行體外循環心臟手術。排除標準:①伴發其他嚴重疾病者;②氨甲環酸過敏者;③術前凝血功能已異常的患者;④妊娠或哺乳期婦女;⑤肝功能異常者;⑥術前24 h使用過肝素、術前7 d使用過非甾體類抗炎藥物、術前14 d使用過雌激素、華法林或阿司匹林等藥物者;⑦血栓栓塞史者。
1.3 方法
兩組患者均給予常規監測心電圖、中心靜脈壓(CVP)、血氧氧飽和度、CO2分壓、體溫、尿量、腦電雙頻指數(BIS)。術前45 min 給予0.1 mg/kg嗎啡、0.3 mg東莨菪堿肌肉注射。進入手術室后,給予1.0 mg/kg利多卡因、0.1 mg/kg維庫溴銨、1.0~1.5 μg/kg舒芬太尼、0.1 mg/kg咪達唑侖進行麻醉誘導,常給予氣管插管。術中給予0.5 μg/kg右美托咪定持續泵入,并給予6.0 μg/kg舒芬太尼等藥物靜脈推注,維持麻醉效果。麻醉成功后,觀察組給予氨甲環酸(貴州圣濟堂有限公司生產,國藥準字號:H20063068,規格為5 mL∶0.5 g/支)靜脈滴注,劑量為15 mg/kg,10 min內滴完畢,然后以10 mg/(kg·h)的劑量維持至手術結束。對照組則在麻醉誘導完成后給予靜脈滴注氯化鈉,劑量和方法同觀察組。兩組患者在體外循環手術結束后均給予魚精蛋白進行拮抗,根據患者活化凝血時間(activated clotting time,ACT)決定是否追加魚精蛋白的用量,保證患者ACT達到基準線后,就可以通過體外循環機進行血液回輸。
1.4 觀察指標
觀察并比較兩組患者圍手術期凝血功能相關指標:凝血酶原時間(PT)、部分凝血活酶時間(APTT)、凝血酶時間(TT)、纖維蛋白原(FIB)含量、D-二聚體含量。分別于術前24 h和術后24 h由橈動脈抽血,測定各組患者PT、APTT、TT、FIB、D-二聚體含量[8]。手術后腦梗死的評價指標:術后腦部因缺血而新發持續24 h以上的神經系統癥狀,且經過CT或MRI確診。
1.5 統計學處理
采用SPSS19.0統計學軟件進行分析,計數資料用(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗;計量資料用(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組患者凝血功能情況
兩組患者治療前、后凝血酶原時間(PT)、部分凝血酶時間(APTT)、凝血酶時間(TT)以及纖維蛋白原(FIB)組間比較無顯著差異(P>0.05);治療前兩組患者的D-二聚體含量無顯著差異,治療后,觀察組的含量顯著低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患者腦梗死發生情況
觀察組的腦梗死發生率為3.33%,與對照組的2.50%相比無顯著差異(P>0.05)。見表2。
3討論
心臟體外循環手術(CPB)時會嚴重影響患者機體內的生理環境[9,10],導致凝血、纖溶系統異常激活,炎癥、腎損傷等一系列不良反應[11,12]。進行體外循環時,會導致患者體內血小板、凝血因子及紅細胞等稀釋,且會破壞血液內有效成分。血液與人工心肺機的直接非生理性接觸,從而誘導纖溶系統的激活,減少凝血因子、纖維蛋白原、纖溶酶原的含量及血小板的功能障礙,改變血液成分和血液系統的生理平衡,激活凝血因子、補體系統、激肽系統導致患者凝血功能發生障礙[13],圍手術期易出現出血[14,15];同時增加血液內炎性介質的含量,出現系統性炎癥反應,產生多種炎癥介質和細胞因子,如白細胞介素、集落刺激因子、脂多糖、粘附分子等,相互作用并影響,進一步激活補體、纖溶、凝血、激肽系統,產生相互作用的“級聯效應”,引起細胞以及組織器官的嚴重損害。因此,臨床上如何解決心臟體外循環手術導致的一系列血液問題一直是廣大醫護人員關注的焦點。
手術中大出血的主要原因之一是患者纖溶系統的亢進,臨床上多通過抗纖溶藥物的應用來減少患者圍術期的出血[10,16]。目前臨床常用的抗纖溶藥物主要包括賴氨酸類似物、氨基己酸、抑肽酶以及氨甲環酸[17,18]。但抗纖溶藥物的應用是一把雙刃劍,活性作用較強時,毒副反應也較明顯[19]。前期研究結果發現,抑肽酶減少手術出血的效果最好,但患者易形成血栓。相比于抑肽酶而言,氨基己酸減少患者圍手術期出血的作用略差,但不易導致血栓形成[20,21]。因此臨床在抗纖溶藥物選擇時,需評估患者的病情[22],根據患者的個體差異,做出最佳選擇。其中,氨甲環酸屬于人工合成的抗纖溶蛋白衍生物,通過和纖溶酶、纖溶酶原上的賴氨酸結合位點發生結合,而抑制纖溶酶原活化為纖溶酶,降低纖溶酶降解纖維蛋白的能力,進而發揮抗纖溶的作用。目前常用的的抗纖溶藥物中,氨甲環酸止血效果好、價格經濟、不良反應輕微。因此,臨床上,心臟麻醉協會以及心臟外科已經將推薦為血液保護的藥物之一。
本研究中,選取來我院進行擇期體外循環心臟手術的100例患者為研究對象,根據治療方式的不同,分為觀察組和對照組,其中觀察組60例,對照組40例,觀察組患者手術麻醉后給予氨甲環酸治療,對照組給予氯化鈉治療,結果顯示:兩組患者治療前、后凝血酶原時間、部分凝血酶時間、凝血酶時間以及纖維蛋白組間比較無顯著差異(P>0.05);治療前兩組患者的D-二聚體含量無顯著差異,治療后,觀察組的含量顯著低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);觀察組的腦梗死發生率為3.33%,與對照組的2.50%相比無顯著差異(P>0.05)。
綜上所述,氨甲環酸不會導致顯著帶的體外循環心臟手術患者凝血功能的異常,且患者術后發生腦梗死的概率較低,故臨床可根據患者狀態酌情給予氨甲環酸進行預防出血。
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(收稿日期:2018-04-14)