劉景文 李先明
摘 要:頭頸部腺樣囊性癌發病率較低,目前主要治療手段為手術聯合術后放射治療,但對于術后放射治療的必要性及選取何種放射治療手段可以使患者獲益最大的問題目前仍有廣泛爭議。本文綜合各方面因素,考慮目前頭頸部腺樣囊性癌的術后放療主要以常規光子放療為主,中子放療雖能提高局部控制率,但晚期毒性反應不可忽視,質子、碳離子放療雖有其物理特點上的優勢,但因病例數少,且其放療機器價格昂貴等客觀障礙,尚未收集足夠數據證明其優勢。
關鍵詞:頭頸部腺樣囊性癌;術后放射治療;常規光子放療;碳離子放療
中圖分類號:R739.91;R730.44 文獻標識碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.23.013
文章編號:1006-1959(2018)23-0045-03
Abstract:The incidence of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neckis low. The main treatment is surgery combined with postoperative radiotherapy. However, the necessary of postoperative radiotherapy and the which kind of radiotherapy can maximize the patient's benefit is still conversional. This article compares the advantages and disadvantages of the main radiotherapy methods for ACCHN. The conclusion is that photon radiotherapy is the main method. Although neutron radiotherapy can improve the local control rate, the late toxicity can't be ignored. Proton and carbon-ion radiotherapy have the advantages of their physical characteristics, but the number of cases is small, and the radiotherapy machine is expensive. There's not enough data could been collected to prove its advantages.
Key words:Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck;Postoperative radiotherapy;Photon radiotherapy;Carbon-ion radiotherapy
頭頸部腺樣囊性癌(sdenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck,ACCHN)是一種較罕見的惡性腫瘤,其發病率約占頭頸部惡性腫瘤的1%,主要好發于涎腺,常可累及腮腺、頜下腺等大涎腺及腭腺、頰腺等小涎腺,也可累及鼻腔、鼻竇、鼻咽等部位,在涎腺腫瘤中約占20%~25%[1]。頭頸部腺樣囊腺癌可與任何年齡發病,以中年患者為主。頭頸部腺樣囊性癌主要來源于閏管區儲備細胞,鏡下可見篩狀、管狀和巢狀等細胞形態結構,腫瘤實性區占比越大,分化、惡性程度及預后越差。頭頸部腺樣囊腺癌進展較慢,鮮有淋巴結轉移,但具有嗜神經侵襲的特點,早期即可出現腫瘤周邊神經累及,并可沿神經走行擴散至相應部位而引起對應臨床癥狀[2]。因化療的有效性目前缺乏有效臨床數據[3],故目前針對頭頸部腺樣囊性癌的主要治療方式為根治性手術,放射治療可用于術后及不可切除腫瘤[4,5]。本文主要介紹有關頭頸部腺樣囊性癌的放療進展。
1常規光子、中子放射放療
當下頭頸部腺樣囊性癌的放射治療已發展至三維適形調強治療(IMRT)和容積調強治療(VMAT)。這些技術允許靶區接受更高劑量射線治療,同時通過減少劑量及減小受照射體積來限制射線對瘤周危及器官的損害[6]。中子屬于不帶電荷的高LET粒子,具有與X線相比較高的相對生物效應(RBE)。Roshan V等[7]通過對淚腺腺樣囊性癌患者進行三維適形放療后指出,三維適形放療對頭頸部腺樣囊性癌可能有良好的局部控制率。有研究使用中子對140例唾液腺惡性腫瘤患者進行放射治療,其中腺樣囊性癌占74%,結果表明,中子放療與常規光子放療相比顯示出了其在局部控制率及總生存率上的優勢,但晚期毒性反應發生率較高[8]。Thielker J等也總結出了相似結論[9]?;谏鲜鲅芯砍晒?,Spratt DE等[10]學者指出,對于不可切除的腺樣囊性癌,采用3D-CRT和IMRT放療的晚期并發癥發生率較中子放療具有優勢。
2質子、碳離子放射治療
包括質子、碳離子在內的適形高LET放射治療的現代技術,將有助于減少放射治療的短期和長期毒性反應[11]。雖然目前證據不足,但在根治性手術后,若為R1切除,使用先進的光子放射治療即可,若病灶無法手術、R2切除或病灶復發,可首選碳離子放射治療優于質子放射治療[12]。
質子放射治療具有獨特的物理特性,在給予瘤體處最大劑量的“布拉格峰”后劑量迅速減少,因此,可以更好地保護周邊危及器官。已知質子治療可在術后淚腺腺樣囊腺癌的聯合治療中,提供優異的總生存率及無病進展生存率[13]。Phan J等[14]學者提出調強質子放射治療(IMPT)治療晚期不可切除的鼻咽部腺樣囊性癌,具有良好的局部控制及輕微晚期毒性的優點。Dautruche A等[15]學者對13例侵及顱底的局部晚期鼻竇腺樣囊性癌患者,中位隨訪時間為33.87個月(3.23~66.5個月),其總生存率、局部控制率及不良反應發生率均令人滿意。由于頭頸部和顱底腫瘤與許多正常解剖結構的緊密空間關系,常規光子放射治療仍可能導致顯著急慢性治療相關毒性反應。質子放射治療的超高劑量定位特性允許照射較少量的正常組織,這不是任何光子放射技術能達到的優勢[15]。Phan J等[14]專家對1例局部晚期鼻咽部腺樣囊性癌患者進行調強質子放療(IMPT)后,鼻咽部腫瘤基本退縮,且放療后發生味覺障礙、黏膜炎、皮炎癥狀基本在可控范圍內。IMPT可使腫瘤延伸至中央顱底的患者受益,以產生更均勻的劑量分布,充分照射腫瘤,同時與IMRT相比,可以減少對眼,視神經和中樞神經系統的受累劑量。
碳離子放射治療的物理特性與質子類似,均為高LET射線,有明顯的“布拉格峰”,其相對生物效應與快中子相當,可更為精確減滅瘤體且周圍正常組織器官僅受較低的射線能量。有多份研究報告指出,使用碳離子放療可提高涎腺腺樣囊性癌的局部控制率,降低晚期毒性反應[16,17]。日本碳離子放射腫瘤學研究組進行了一項多中心研究表明碳離子放療在頭頸部腺樣囊性癌中的優勢及希望[18,19]。有研究為評估碳離子放射治療對頭頸部非鱗狀細胞癌的療效和安全性,將35例患者納入這項前瞻性研究,其中腺樣囊性癌患者占60%,主要終點是3年局部控制率,次要終點包括3年總生存率和不良事件,所有患者的中位隨訪時間為39個月,得出結論為碳離子放射治療實現了非鱗狀細胞癌的良好局部控制和總體存活率[20]。
3近距離放射治療
有研究指出[21,22],接受常規光子放療聯合中子增強放療的口咽腺樣囊性癌復發后使用192Ir-HDR進行近距離放射治療,是治療腺樣囊性癌局部復發的有效方法,且再次放療后未出現嚴重的毒性反應。也有學者提出[23],使用125I放射性粒子植入治療16例復發性涎腺腺樣囊性癌,結果顯示盡管局部控制率及生存率相對有利,但仍有部分病例對125I反應不佳。
4總結
由于頭頸部腺樣囊性癌發病率較低,目前仍缺乏足量數據對其標準治療方案進行驗證,對于是否需行術后輔助放療多年來仍無統一定論。有多份來自單一機構出版的文獻指出,單獨手術的局控率約30%~70%[24,25],不難看出局部控制率的跨度非常大。鑒于上述結果,國內外臨床多使用手術聯合術后放療的治療手段,基于大多數單一機構的回顧性研究證據[26]。盡管常規輔助放療對局部區域疾病控制有益,但對OS的影響尚不清楚。有研究[24]納入共3136例患者,其中2252例(71.8%)接受術后放療,研究結果表明,術后放療與總生存率無明顯相關性。中子放療其晚期毒性反應較常規光子治療大,故目前中子放療適應癥較為局限。質子放療由于設備昂貴,用地面積大等劣勢,目前暫未于國內被推廣使用,質子放療因其對頭頸部腺樣囊性癌的療效相關研究所納入患者例數較少,無法客觀評價其優缺點。國內外專家學者對碳離子放療研究較中子、質子多,碳離子放療將可能成為頭頸部腺樣囊性癌的主要治療手段之一,但因目前已發表研究中所納入病例數較少,目前仍缺乏足夠數據突出其治療優勢。
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收稿日期:2018-9-20;修回日期:2018-9-28
編輯/楊倩