方明清 丁剛毅 趙艷玲
關鍵詞: 移動自組織網絡; 按需矢量路由; 路徑權值; 鏈路穩定性; 節點能量; 服務質量
中圖分類號: TN711?34; TPT393 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼: A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文章編號: 1004?373X(2019)06?0047?04
Abstract: The ad hoc on?demand distance vector (AODV) routing is a typical routing in the mobile ad hoc network (MANET). However, the shortest path is always selected for communication in AODV routing, which can lead to unbalanced traffic flow, or even congestions in the network, thus affecting the quality of service (QoS). Therefore, a weight routing scheme based on the AODV is proposed, which is marked as AODV?W. In the AODV?W routing, the path transmission delay, link stability and node energy are considered to calculate the path weights, and the path with the minimum weight is selected as the data transmission channel. The experimental data shows that the proposed AODV?W routing can improve the data packet delivery ratio and network throughput.
Keywords: MANET; AODV; path weight; link stability; node energy; QoS
移動自組織網(Mobile Ad hoc Network,MANET) [1?2]是無中心控制單元、并由節點自行構建的無線網絡。由于節點可自由移動,MANET網絡拓撲具有動態變化特性。而變化的拓撲使得網絡通信鏈路不穩定。此外,節點的通信距離有限,節點需要通過多跳通信才能將數據傳輸到更遠的目的節點。多跳通信是由一系列的中間節點轉發而形成的通信方式。當擁有數據包的節點(源節點)需要以多跳通信方式向遠距離的目的節點傳輸數據包時,源節點就需構建一條合適的路徑[3]。實際上,此路徑也是由一系列的中間節點組成。構建合適路徑的過程也稱為路由發現(Route?discovery)。然而,由于MANET的拓撲動態變化、節點通信距離短等原因,有效地完成路由發現過程存在挑戰。
針對MANET網絡特性,研究人員提出許多路由協議[4?5]。這些協議可分為三類:按需路由、表格驅動路由以及混合路由。這些路由均需要實施路由發現過程。
在表格驅動路由中,節點需先獲取并維持路由信息,并且移動節點能夠周期地共享路由信息。在按需路由中,僅當節點需要傳輸數據包時[6?7],它才建立路徑,節點無需預先維護路由信息,這也是按需路由的由來。而混合路由結合表格驅動路由和按需路由這兩者特點。通常,混合路由將網絡劃分多個區域,在區域內和區域間實施不同的路由發現策略。在區域內實施表格驅動路由[8],而區域間實施按需路由,但是這種策略增加了路由開銷。
按需矢量路由(Ad Hoc On?demand Distance Vector,AODV)在MANET中廣泛使用。AODV路由利用控制包RREQ的傳遞,建立路徑。然而,現存的多數AODV路由在選擇路徑時只考慮單條鏈路的指標,而并沒有充分考慮鏈路間指標的一致性問題。此外,它們也沒有考慮到節點能量問題。

圖2顯示了路徑選擇示例。源節點1需向目的節點8傳輸數據包,先通過傳輸控制包RREQ獲取多條路徑信息,并計算每條路徑的權值,然后再選擇權值最小的路徑作為數據傳輸通道。

3.1 ?仿真場景
利用NS2.35仿真軟件建立仿真平臺。N個節點隨機分布于1 000 m×1 000 m區域,節點的傳輸范圍為250 m。具體的仿真參數如表1所示。

為更充分地分析AODV?W協議性能,選擇AODV[13]作為參照,并分析其數據包傳遞率、吞吐量的性能。
3.2 ?實驗數據分析
首先分析節點數的變化對平均吞吐量的變化。實驗數據如圖3所示。
從圖3可知,當節點數為50時,AODV?W和AODV路由的吞吐量達到最高。然而,當節點數從50增加至150時,吞吐量也隨之下降。原因在于:當節點數增加,參與路由的節點也隨之增加,節點能耗也增加,加速了節點能量消耗速度;同時,節點數的增加會引起節點對信道資源的增加。最終,控制吞吐量。此外,與AODV路由相比,提出的AODV?W路由提高了網絡吞吐量。隨后,分析了節點數對數據包傳遞率的變化。實驗數據如圖4所示。

圖4的曲線變化與圖3類似。當節點數大于50時,數據包傳遞率隨節點數的增加而下降。原因在于:當節點數增加至一定數量后,再增加節點數,會引起數據包傳輸的碰撞,最終,降低數據包傳遞率。與DSR路由相比,提出的AODV?W路由的數據包傳遞率得到有效提升。這主要是因為:AODV?W路由在構建路由時,考慮了節點能量和擁塞信息,避免了擁塞度高的、低能量節點構建路由。
針對MANET網絡并結合AODV,提出AODV?W路由。所提路由先利用AODV獲取多條路徑信息,再計算每條路徑的權值。此權值充分考慮了路徑內各鏈路穩定值、節點能量的一致性,其目的在于選擇最平衡的路徑作為數據傳輸通道。實驗數據表明,所提AODV?W路由有效地提高了數據包傳遞率,也增加了吞吐量。
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