孫雯
中國的河流,自西而東奔流。
大自然以不可違拗的塑造展示了它的強硬,但在歷史的行進中,需要糧食與文明,需要南北貫通。于是,中國有了一條大運河,從古代一直流淌到現代。
在美國人大衛·皮卡斯(David Pickus)眼里,京杭大運河不僅僅是一條河。
海河、黃河、淮河、長江、錢塘江,當中國的五大水系自山脈中的涓涓細流匯聚成奔騰之勢時,也意味著它們將奔向各自的遠方。但是,一條大運河將五大水系聯結了起來。歷代中國人,以團結之力,實現了河流的“互通”,一條條看似不怎么相干的河,由此成為一個系統,一個聯系體。而運河兩岸,新的故事不斷因水而生。
正是如此,大衛看到了大運河更高層面的象征意義,他試圖借一條大運河,展現整個中國在全球化背景下的快速變化和發展。2018年底,大衛寫的“運河之書”——《來自中國的明信片:大運河紀行》(Postcards from China: Travels along the Grand Canal),由浙江大學出版社出版。

大衛知道,中國的大運河是中國古代南北交通的大動脈,是一處超大規模的線性文化遺產,她促進了古代經濟文化發展和社會進步,對中國的統一和完整、對中華民族的發展具有不可替代的重要作用,而運河文化也是中華文化的重要組成部分。另一方面,外國朋友對于大運河的重要性卻不甚了了。
通過對大運河(以及其沿岸特色城市、城鎮)的考察、對與大運河息息相關的相關人物的訪談,大衛向讀者講述了大運河的歷史變遷、介紹路經的這些地方的歷史、文化、藝術、人情風俗,并試圖將整個敘事置于中國政治、經濟以及文化和歷史的大背景之下,分析大運河的實際以及象征意義,與此同時,大衛也著重講述了自己的沿途見聞,并借此給讀者展示了整個中國在全球化背景下的快速變化和發展。
在大衛看來,大運河之于昨日的中國,就是全球化之于今日的中國,而當今大運河區域的發展,象征著這種新舊結合的力量。也正如大運河有時會泛濫、淤積,導致無法通航;而當下,我們必須努力保持全球化的活力,互惠互利,保持和諧,阻滯也會隨之瓦解。
大衛來自美國,他是美國芝加哥大學的歷史學博士,曾任教于中國人民大學、美國亞利桑那州立大學等,目前在浙江大學任教。
2004年,大衛來到中國。那時他像所有出游異國的人一樣,忐忑于在他鄉的吃住行和人際交流。不過,他最終愛上了這里的文化。
2007年,一趟杭州之行,讓大衛與大運河結下了緣分。運河上的船與橋,沿岸游客的聚集點和百姓生活的社區,都讓他產生了賓至如歸的感覺。他決定全身心投入到對大運河的研究當中。
2016年底,大衛干脆把生活全部移到了杭州。
2018年底,他寫作的《來自中國的明信片:大運河紀行》,由浙江大學出版社出版。
即使跳出學術研究的范疇,大衛也比絕大多數中國人更熟悉這條大運河。
他從北京一路向南,洛陽、無錫、揚州、蘇州、杭州、紹興、寧波……他不但走進了運河沿岸的重要樞紐城市,還旁及更為廣闊的地域,進入大運河沿岸居民生活的細枝末節。
比如,他來到紹興,參觀魯迅故居,還從叫賣的商販手中買了柄印有魯迅頭像的扇子,搖進水鄉的尋常巷陌。
魯迅的“遺產”與紹興、大運河有什么關系?大衛有自己的答案。
他覺得,當人們在紹興“穿越”到魯迅的少年,那個處于清朝尾聲里的舊時代,少年魯迅在三味書屋讀書,在百草園游玩,一切看似保持著原有的井然有序,但末世的清朝已經形成了難以自我疏通的堵塞,正如當時的運河。
從封閉的院落中,魯迅突圍而出,找到邁向未來的方式和洞察人間的燭火。這個行為不單單影響著他個人、那個時代,而且還影響著現在和未來。因此,當大衛走訪紹興當地的紡織工業時,腦海中縈繞的依然是魯迅?;ヂ摼W與自動化為紡織業創造了新的機會,也提出了更高的要求。當更多的制造、交易不再依賴于人力與實體空間,地方實業的變化,正在驗證著“魯迅式”的打破與重建。
讓過往不再是一副束縛前行的鐐銬,這是魯迅留下的經驗,也是一直流淌于運河之中的人文精神。

杭州西溪路上的晨昏,是大衛日常生活的一部分。
在《來自中國的明信片:大運河紀行》中,他寫到了這條路。
在中國的風水文化中,路也是河,路上的車水馬龍,營造著河一般的流動感。這條西溪路,讓大衛對大運河有了另外的思考。
從大衛在西溪路上的公寓樓走出來,可以看到兩種截然不同的生機勃勃——左轉,是中國大城市的普遍景觀:鋼結構帶玻璃幕墻的高大建筑、五星級酒店、現代銀行以及密布的星巴克;右轉,則是另一片人間煙火:水果、蔬菜、農產品,各種攤位、人流,熱鬧喧囂。
這截然不同的街景,僅僅隔著兩分鐘的步行距離。而城市由過去邁向現代,也在倏忽之間。身居西溪路的大衛,親身體驗著這一點。
如果把大運河作為觀察的主體,西溪路是它的組成部分,而且大運河邊有無數的“西溪路”,每條街道都有自己的新舊交接,如何在舊的基礎上建立新的秩序?正是西溪路的細節,促動大衛去思考大運河在當下時代中應處的位置。
在《來自中國的明信片:大運河紀行》的每一章,大衛都會寫到這樣的話題:一些事物的破敗帶來了新事物,而一些先前建造的東西開始瓦解,又會帶來更新穎的東西。正如魯迅沖破了封建時代的舊家園,也正如現代紡織正在淘汰過剩的產能。
因此,大衛眼中的運河之美,并非只有垂柳夕陽的詩意,舟船與沿岸,居民的用具與居所的參差,也蘊含了生活之美。而時代的變化,有時大動干戈,有時就隱藏在這樣的日常中。
在大衛看來,大運河不是靜態的,而應該被看作是一種不斷發展的、動態的行動。
“它就像一個句子中的動詞,并且也不是‘建造或‘增長或‘航行這樣一個個的單一行動。而是一種反反復復、連綿不斷的行動,是‘建造、建造、再建造、‘增長、增長、再增長。”甚至,跳出地理位置的框定——“大運河可以說沒有一個起點,也沒有一個終點。相反,我們可以把它看作是由一系列的開始和一系列的結束雜糅而成的?!?/p>
早在2018年12月7日,杭州舉行的“大運河論壇”上,大衛已經把自己的觀點傳遞給來自世界各地的大運河研究專家。

他說,自己開始撰寫大運河的故事時,就把它看作是一個具有普遍意義的故事——一個人類世界通過不斷努力,將各種事物、人群團結在一起并將文明延續的故事。它不斷提醒人們,互聯互通所能贏得的巨大動能。
關于中國的故事,大衛依然在寫。目前,他正著手寫一本有關中國創造力的書,“這本書將充分展示當今中國創造性和創造力的爆炸”。
(部分圖片來自“視覺中國”)
Grand Canal in the Eye of America Author
By Sun Wen
On December 7, 2018, Zhejiang University Press launched , a book written by David Pickus, an American teaching at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou. A PhD of history, Pickus first came to China in 2004. In 2007, he visited Hangzhou and found the canal fascinating. He decided to write a book on the worlds longest and oldest artificial river. In 2016, he moved to Hangzhou to be as close to the canal as possible.
The book is based on his tours along the great manmade watercourse all the way from Beijing at the northern end to Hangzhou, which used to be the southern end of the canal. He has visited all the key cities along the Grand Canal. He has even traveled across the Qiantang River and followed another section of the canal network that links Ningbo and Shaoxing in eastern Zhejiang to the Grand Canal. It is not wrong to say that David Pickus knows more about the Grand Canal than do some Chinese.
However, what makes Pickus book on the Grand Canal stand out is not the facts and history he puts in the book but his interpretation of the manmade river.
“There is no one single beginning point of the Grand Canal in time and space. The Grand Canal embodies a series of beginnings and endings. The Grand Canal is by no means static. It is an action that keeps taking place. It can be likened to a verb playing a key role in a long sentence,” notes Pickus. “It is a river that has brought China together. It connected the major rivers of China and integrated China into a system. The canal has given rise to unprecedented possibilities and made things happen.”
Pickus now lives in an apartment building on Westbrook Road and this road is a part of his book. He thinks the road is a demarcation line which shows two different sides of China. When he steps out of the apartment building and turns left, he sees a fancy cityscape: a wide boulevard of steel and glass buildings, with five-star hotels, several bank branches, two Starbucks within 200 meters of each other. “This is a cityscape that is becoming the norm in the prosperous parts of all of Chinas large cities,” comments Pickus. If he turns right and takes a two-minute walk, he comes to the everyday part of life: fruit and vegetable stands and shops, shrimp, fish and meat stalls, repair shops, convenience stores. In this part of the city he can buy almost everything he needs in everyday life. In his eye, the past and the present juxtapose in the same road. And he thinks Westbrook Road is a representative component of the Grand Canal and concludes that there must be a great number of such roads that radiate from the canal. In his eyes, every single road is a connection of the past and the present. The details revealed in Westbrook Road enables Pickus to contemplate the role the Grand Canal plays in the contemporary times. The beauty of the Grand Canal does not lie in the poetry of the willows swaying slightly at the sunset moment. The boats and the shores, and residential houses, household utensils also reflect the beauty of everyday life engendered and defined and carried on by the canal. The changes that define an era, sometimes, must be seen in great tumults, but sometimes, such changes are hidden in conventions of everyday life.
Pickus shared his view with experts from all over the world at a forum on the Grand Canal held in Hangzhou on December 7, 2018. He said that, when he started writing about the Grand Canal of China, he considered writing a story of universal significance: a story about humans who worked together and brought all things together and carried on civilization. In his understanding, the Grand Canal keeps reminding people of the importance of interconnecting with each other for survival and future growth. The American scholar believes that the Grand Canal of China signifies a lot in the times of this highly globalized world.
David Pickus is preparing to write a book about Chinas booming creativity.