馬黎?楊琳惜
“我宣布,現(xiàn)在開始倒計時:5、4、3、2、1,請觀眾進入紫禁城!”2月19日晚6時30分,中國農(nóng)歷元宵夜,北京室外溫度1攝氏度,時任故宮博物院院長單霽翔出現(xiàn)在故宮博物院午門廣場,開門迎客。
2月19日和2月20日,故宮博物院連創(chuàng)三個首次:建院94年來首次舉辦“燈會”;紫禁城古建筑群首次在晚間被較大規(guī)模點亮;首次在晚間免費對預(yù)約公眾開放。
燈光點亮紅墻的一瞬間,站在午門的我們竟然不約而同發(fā)出一陣“WOW”的聲音。我身邊都是沒預(yù)約到夜場票的觀眾,但大家依然愿意站在宮墻外,感受這一中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的熱鬧,因為這是故宮,因為從前百姓不能進入這座城,關(guān)于紫禁城的元宵記憶只屬于皇帝。

但如今,一場元宵燈會,改變了我們與故宮的距離,也拉近了我們與歷史的距離。如今,宮墻內(nèi)外,共呼吸,共歡度。
2月19日進宮賞燈的,除了受特邀的各國大使,其余全是普通老百姓,有勞動模范、快遞小哥,還有500位搶到票的幸運兒。
這些年,博物館熱是個現(xiàn)象,很多博物館都在做著接地氣、人情化的歷史文化表達,但故宮的熱,成了現(xiàn)象級文化,它已經(jīng)突破了原本專業(yè)的博物館圈,成為大眾文化的追逐點。如果從2013年故宮文創(chuàng)火起來算起,只不過6年時間。在此之前,比如2010年10月,故宮淘寶就已經(jīng)上線售賣周邊產(chǎn)品。但這些周邊產(chǎn)品與旅游景點的紀念品無異,價格高,質(zhì)量一般,沒有多大新意。
讓文物“活”起來,這句話,我們說了很多年。現(xiàn)在故宮600年的歷史文化,在“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+時代”越活越好,甚至逆生長了。
溫州小伙子池浚現(xiàn)在在故宮博物院做博士后,他的本職工作是國家京劇院創(chuàng)作中心副主任,梅葆玖作品《梅蘭霓裳》的編劇。前幾年,他突然告訴我,自己要“入宮”了,為宮廷做戲曲研究。
“我的研究工作就是‘我在故宮修文物(戲曲),做宮廷戲曲劇目的挖掘、整理、修復(fù),激活文化基因,讓沉睡的傳統(tǒng)戲劇文物、文獻真正生動地活起來。”
他說,當下故宮人和戲曲研究者們共同面對的問題,就是“活起來”三個字——讓收藏在博物館里的文物、陳列在廣闊大地上的遺產(chǎn)、書寫在古籍里的文字都活起來,在“全媒體時代”和日益頻繁的跨文化交流中講好“故事”。
故宮博物院資料信息部數(shù)字傳媒組,就是負責故宮的官方網(wǎng)站、微博、微信、APP等新媒體的策劃、發(fā)布與運營,大多是80、90后。一位新媒體負責人曾在一次采訪中表示:“故宮這兩年最大的改變就是心態(tài)更開放了,希望通過社交平臺傳遞出一個有溫度的紫禁城,所以故宮的官方微信、微博發(fā)布的大量內(nèi)容,都是帶著感情和色彩的。”
故宮的微信端其實在開設(shè)公號之初,也是走嚴肅路線的:正兒八經(jīng)地賣賣手串,科普下歷史文化知識什么的。但是這幾年,故宮很少耍萌賤了,而是回到了自己的內(nèi)容本身。
4月8日,執(zhí)掌故宮博物院7年的院長單霽翔退休。而故宮發(fā)生逆襲的起點,可以說是從2012年單霽翔當院長開始的。
“單院長愿意出鏡,表達能力強,”這是很多人對他的共同認識,在新媒體時代,單院長自帶流量,金句段子不要太多。比如最新的,說到故宮下雪,2月17日他在論壇這么說:“前年紫禁城一場初雪,一組照片放上去,1425萬的訪問量。這兩年不下雪我們著急啊。”

“但是天無絕人之路,去年來了紅月亮,晚上9點到11點我們拍的一組紅月亮放上去后,第二天早上我一看有2000萬點擊率。今年來雪了,我們放了一組故宮下雪的照片,5000多萬訪問量。不斷把美景告訴大家,請人們來實地看。”
故宮的工作人員經(jīng)常能在院里見到他,他天天在院子里跑,而不是在辦公室里坐著,不是在開會。單霽翔上任的第一件事,就是花5個月的時間老老實實地把故宮走了一遍,9371間古建筑,1807558件文物一樣不落,磨破20多雙老布鞋。“布鞋院長”,萌萌噠的“看門人”,并不是人設(shè)打造,是實打?qū)嵉刈叱鰜淼摹?h3>文創(chuàng)與歷史的聯(lián)姻
然而,文創(chuàng)商品的創(chuàng)新,新媒體運營的接地氣,如何與歷史這個“舊東西”結(jié)合?那么多年,故宮一直在那,600年歷史一直在那兒,為什么過去并不那么紅?
以上這些“新”與故宮的“舊”,發(fā)生著幾組微妙的關(guān)系。
一是“高”與“低”的關(guān)系。
故宮不是一般的博物館,它的建筑是歷史發(fā)生的場所,是24位皇帝的工作區(qū)和生活區(qū),也是皇帝的女人們真正宮斗的地方,而且還帶有廢墟的性質(zhì)。
“600年的故宮,不停地修繕、傳承,這個地方本身就有文氣。”池浚說。哪怕一個展品都不看,就是去故宮逛一圈,也覺得我是到了故宮博物院。“雖然‘博物院說的是物,實際上人們心里想的是故宮,未必是‘博物。這就是故宮本身的崇高。”
這個崇高,跟故宮文創(chuàng)產(chǎn)品的流行是有關(guān)的。
文創(chuàng)人人可以買,而且故宮的文創(chuàng)很便宜,幾十元錢,大多是生活用品,登機牌、扇子、手機殼、口紅、月餅,是隨時可用可帶走的小東西。
單霽翔在亞布力中國企業(yè)家論壇第十九屆年會上的演講,除了首次曬了自家文創(chuàng)賬本——到2017年底,文創(chuàng)產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)突破了1萬種。2017年,故宮文創(chuàng)的銷售收入已經(jīng)達到15億元,超過了故宮的門票收入。

單霽翔還特意說到了自家的口紅,并和另一種產(chǎn)品做了比較。“我們加快生產(chǎn),90多萬套(口紅)賣出去后仍供不應(yīng)求。其實我們同時還出了故宮面膜,但是賣得不好。后來我才知道,面膜是在家里晚上貼的,別人看不到,但口紅可以在大庭廣眾之下來抹,多有身份!”
還有“固”和“活”的關(guān)系。
故宮的開放面積,在這些年逐漸增大,過去只開放50%多,現(xiàn)在開放面積已經(jīng)到80%。故宮的“活”化,重在讓人深切感受帝后生活區(qū)的場景和狀態(tài),也就是說“你可以到別人家里去”,這個別人家,還是帝后的家。
近年來,故宮越來越強調(diào)原狀陳設(shè)和帝后宮廷生活再現(xiàn)。過去的太和殿是不能打光的,現(xiàn)在科技進步有了冷光源,可以把里面打亮,讓人很清楚地看到龍椅是什么樣子,后面的匾額、對聯(lián)是什么樣。
“故宮所做的很多小事情,就是為了讓人盡量融入進來。所以它雖然是一個固化的——即便僅僅是看外觀,也能看得有溫度、有內(nèi)容、有人氣、有人味,是一個活態(tài)的故宮。”
就像今年春節(jié)參加“紫禁城里過大年”展覽,第一屆在宮里過年的普通人發(fā)現(xiàn),有個蓋章祈福的打卡點,章上的文字是這么寫的:“蓋了這個章,你就是朕的自家人了。”
(圖片來自“視覺中國”)
Palace Museum:New Stardom
By Ma Li, Yang Linxi
Over the past few years, the Palace Museum in Beijing has done a lot of things unusual. The latest was an evening tour on the Lantern Festival this year, which fell on February 19, 2019. At six thirty, Shan Jixiang, curator of the Palace Museum, started the countdown with a large group of visitors ready to go into the palace for an evening light show. It was the biggest cultural event for the Lantern Festival in China. For two consecutive nights, the palace museum opened its doors to the public in the history of its 94 years. When the countdown ended, the lights exploded in a spectacular show and visitors and spectators burst into loud cheering and wowing. In the past, the Lantern Festival in the Forbidden City was celebrated by the royal family. The festival in 2019 was the first time the royal compound opened to the public.
Among the 3,000 visitors in the first evening tour were honored guests such as ambassadors, model workers, express delivery service people and 500 who luckily booked their tickets through an online ticketing system.
The changes taking place in the 600-year-old Forbidden City started in 2013 after Shan Jixiang came to head the administration of the Palace Museum in 2012. Before then, the Forbidden City was just a tourist attraction and the Palace Museum was equivalent to an academic institution dedicated to the safeguarding of the states cultural treasures. Things about the Forbidden City and the Palace Museum began to look different as of 2012.
After he took to the position, the new curator spent five months checking out the Forbidden City. He took a look at all of the 9,371 buildings on the compound and looked at all of the 1,807,558 pieces of cultural treasures in the collection of the palace museum. The walk and look cost him over 20 pairs of cloth shoes.
Shan is different from his predecessors in that he goes all out to promote cultural charms of the Forbidden City to the general public. He is a man of creative ideas. In a speech he made at the 19th annual conference of Chinese Entrepreneurs Forum on February 17 this year, he revealed some numbers about the undertakings the Forbidden City had taken over the past few years. By the end of 2017, the Forbidden City had created more than 10,000 cultural product lines and in 2017 alone, the Forbidden City reaped 1.5 billion in sales from its cultural products. The latest bestselling product was a set of six lipsticks launched on December 12, 2018. The lipsticks went viral online and more than 900,000 sets were sold in no time.
Shan has made the Forbidden City new and available to the curious public. In exhibitions, some precious exhibits from the museums collection have been on display for the first time in history. New equipment and technologies are employed to attract the attention of the young. , a documentary released in 2016, went viral online and revealed the work and personalities of craftspeople working in back offices that had been little known to the public.
In the past, a big part of the Forbidden City was off limits for the public. It looked as if the palaces deliberately hid themselves from the people and didnt mind being standoffish and arrogant. Nowadays, more than 80% of the imperial compound is open to the public. As the Forbidden City has made itself more available, people can more easily access the history and culture represented by the royal compound and its treasures. This makes the Forbidden City endearing to the public.
In 2017, the museum released a set of photos after the years first snow. The snowy images of the palaces received 14.25 million hits. In 2018, a group of photos of the red moon over the Forbidden City received 20 million hits. In the winter that spanned 2018 and 2019, the photos of the snow landscape of the Forbidden City attracted 50 million page views.
The Forbidden City is no longer its massive, stately, mysterious self. It is available to the public, it is alluring, and it offers an access to the culture and history of China of 5,000 years. The newness of the Forbidden City is partly attributed to Shan Jixiang who is willing to meet journalists and the public and talk about cultural significance of the 600-year-old palaces.