江琳琳 王偉濱

在世界聞名的“童書”作家中,有兩位曾做過飛行員:一位是《小王子》的作者,法國的安托萬·德·圣-??颂K佩里(Antoine de Saint-Exupéry);另一位,則是英國的羅爾德·達爾(Roald Dahl)。不過,與充滿溫情、哲理的《小王子》不同,達爾的書,不見得所有家長都愿意推薦給孩子讀。有評論說,達爾的書之所以特別,是因為那份“unsentimental, macabre, often darkly comic mood, featuring villainous adult enemies of the child characters”(不感傷、挺恐怖,常帶黑色喜感的調調,和那群與孩子們為敵的成年壞蛋角色)?!靶⊥踝印钡拇_是“好孩子”,但好得有些“無趣”了;許多時候,倒是那些“壞到可愛”的角色更讓我們喜歡。而且,達爾這些充滿“壞蛋”和“壞點子”的“壞書”中,其實也正浸透了那股獨特的英國幽默。
英國可以說是一個視幽默為生命的國度。社會人類學家凱特·??怂梗↘ate Fox)在《英國人的言行潛規則》(Watching the English: the Hidden Rules of English Behaviour)一書中寫道,“Humour is omnipresent and omnipotent... Like class, it permeates every aspect of English life and culture... In other cultures, there is ‘a time and place for humour, it is a special, separate kind of talk. In English conversation, there is always an undercurrent of humour. We can barely manage to say ‘hello or comment on the weather without somehow contriving to make a bit of a joke out of it, and most English conversations will involve at least some degree of banter, teasing, irony, understatement, humorous self-deprecation, mockery or just silliness.”(幽默無處不在,無所不能??就像階層一樣,它體現在英國人生活和文化的方方面面??在其他文化中,幽默言談不同于正常交談,講究“恰當場合”。而在英國人的交談中,則總潛伏著幽默。問聲好,聊句天氣,也總要幽上一默,大部分英國人的談話中,總要夾雜打趣、逗笑、嘲諷、重話輕說、戲謔自嘲、譏誚,或干脆就是裝瘋賣傻。)
英國幽默的核心,是那份對于“認真勁兒”(earnestness)的抵制。“To take a deliberately extreme example, the kind of hand-on-heart, gushing earnestness and pompous, Bible-thumping solemnity favoured by almost all American politicians would never win a single vote in this country.”(舉個極端例子,美國政客們推崇的那種手按胸口、拿腔作勢的認真勁兒,那種把《圣經》拍得啪啪響的一本正經,在這個國家可是一張選票也得不到。)而且,達爾的小讀者,大概還要往那位自以為是的政客腳下丟個香蕉皮什么的,讓他出出丑呢。
今天,我們就和這個影響了幾代英國孩子的老頭兒一起,來品品這份“怪怪的”英國幽默吧。
名字,可以說是一個人的“門面”,要取得“莊重、響亮”才好,但在達爾的作品中,很多角色的名字像是鬧著玩兒的,即便不知道任何情節,你光是看到或聽到這樣有趣、滑稽的名字,就足以笑得前仰后合了。
The Twits(《蠢特夫婦》)中的主角是Mr Twit與Mrs Twit?!皌wit”—“a very stupid person, most often a grownup”(非常蠢的人,常指成年人),即“傻蛋”之義。蠢特夫婦真的是兩個很蠢的大人,不但蠢而且丑,整天臟兮兮的,還自作聰明,真是名副其實的“Twits”。
在The BFG(《好心眼兒巨人》)中,達爾自造的一系列巨人的名字都滑稽十足,主角The BFG(The Big Friendly Giant,好心眼兒巨人)還算正常,其他巨人則是一群全然將自己的惡寫在臉上的家伙:The Fleshlumpeater(吃人肉塊巨人)、The Bonecruncher(嘎吱嘎吱嚼骨頭巨人)、The Manhugger(抱漢包巨人)、The Childchewer(嚼孩子巨人)、The Meatdripper(肉油滴滴答巨人)、The Gizzardgulper(大吃特吃內臟巨人)、The Maidmasher(啃姑娘巨人)、The Bloodbottler(喝血巨人)、The Butcher Boy(屠宰巨人)……
在Charlie and the Chocolate Factory(《查理和巧克力工廠》)中,且不說那些“反派”個個都是“名副其實”,即便主人公查理·巴克特(Charlie Bucket)也別有味道?!癰ucket”,除“水桶”之外,還有“屁股”之意,聯想到達爾的眾多故事中的主角,特別是小男孩,其實都是“搗蛋鬼”,這位乖孩子查理,顯然也不是被作者找來扮演天使的。
在孩子的世界里,父母和老師要算是壓在他們身上的兩座大山了,當然得重點嘲弄一番才好。請看Matilda(《瑪蒂爾達》)。

正常父母都把孩子寵成小公主、小王子,縱使孩子一無是處,父母也會覺得自己的孩子樣樣好。“Its a funny thing about mothers and fathers. Even when their child is the most disgusting little blister you could ever imagine, they still think that he or she is wonderful.”(當爸媽的,有一件事情很滑稽,即使自己的孩子是全天下最討厭的小膿包,他們也認為這孩子就是了不起。)
但瑪蒂爾達的父母卻是例外。他們對待孩子的態度,真是讓人懷疑瑪蒂爾達是不是充話費贈送的?!癟he parents looked upon Matilda in particular as nothing more than a scab... Mr and Mrs Wormwood looked forward enormously to the time when they would pick their little daughter off and flick her away, preferably into the next country or even further than that.”(沃姆伍德夫婦二人簡直把瑪蒂爾達看作是個瘡痂,極其盼望著什么時候能把他們這個小女兒像瘡痂那樣剝下來扔掉,最好扔到另一個國家去,越遠越好。)
這對父母對孩子讀書這件事更是深惡痛絕?,數贍栠_向爸爸要求買本書來讀,爸爸氣得要炸了:“‘A book?he said. ‘What dyou want a flaming book for? ‘Whats wrong with the telly, for heavens sake? Weve got a lovely telly with a twelve-inch screen and now you come asking for a book! Youre getting spoiled, my girl!”(“買本書?”他說,“你要一本荒唐的書干嗎?”“天啊,電視機還不夠?我們有一個漂亮的十二英寸的電視機,你卻要我買一本書!你給寵壞了,我的小丫頭!”)爸爸明確表態:讀書是蠢人干的事!“ ‘We dont hold with book-reading, Mr Wormwood said. ‘You cant make a living from sitting on your fanny and reading storybooks. We dont keep them in the house.”(“我們不贊成讀書,”沃姆伍德先生說,“光用屁股坐著讀故事書混不到飯吃,我們家里沒有書。”)
而媽媽則認為女孩子最要緊的就是要找一個好人家嫁掉:“Im not in favor of blue-stocking girls. A girl should think about making herself look attractive so she can get a good husband later on. Looks is more important than books.”(“我不欣賞女學究,一個姑娘應該想的就是讓自己的樣貌吸引人,這樣以后才能找到個好丈夫。樣貌可是比書本更重要?!保?/p>
再看瑪蒂爾達學校里的女校長,那是純正的“兇神惡煞”:“When she marched—Miss Trunchbull never walked, she always marched like a storm-trooper with long strides... and if a group of children happened to be in her path, she ploughed right on through them like a tank, with small people bouncing off her to left and right. Thank goodness we dont meet many people like her in this world... If you ever do, you should behave as you would if you met an enraged rhinoceros out in the bush—climb up the nearest tree and stay there until it has gone away.”(她大踏步走過—— 特朗奇布爾小姐從來不像普通人那樣走路,要走就像一個納粹沖鋒隊員那樣擺動著雙臂大踏步走……如果碰巧有一群孩子擋住她的道,她干脆就像一輛坦克車那樣從他們當中沖過去,把小家伙們沖得有的向左歪,有的向右倒。幸好這世上這樣的家伙并不多見……可萬一你碰到了,你應該像在樹叢中碰到一頭發怒的犀牛一樣,趕緊爬到最近的一棵樹上去,等它走了再下來。)這位野蠻校長可謂令學生們聞風喪膽。
