良渚古城，如何一點點揭開面紗

俯瞰瑤山遺址。

良渚古城遺址正式列入世界文化遺產的那一刻，距離“良渚”兩個字首次出現在考古領域，已經過去了83年。

歷史的一大步，是從考古人的一小鏟，甚至是從一塊小石頭、幾片黑陶片開始的。

這個東亞最早的國家社會，是如何在5000年后被考古人一點一點發現的？

時光倒流。讓我們一起回溯這五千年的中華文明曙光散發光芒的每一個瞬間。

從首次發現到首次命名

83年前，誰都不會想到，只有25歲的清瘦書生施昕更，西湖博物館的普通職員，就是良渚遺址的發現者。

1936年12月到1937年3月，施昕更在他的家鄉余杭良渚鎮一帶代表西湖博物館對棋盤墳等六處遺址，進行了三次小范圍試掘，發現了以黑陶為特征的新石器時代遺址十多處。

良渚古城遺址西城墻。

這是良渚文化的首次科學考古發掘。很快，施昕更撰寫出版了良渚文化的第一部考古發掘報告《良渚》。

有一次良渚文化考古發掘，知道的人不多，就在現在的浙江大學玉泉校區。1953年，這里叫杭州老和山，第一次發掘由華東文物工作隊負責，出土了石鉞。

同一個地方，1936年5月31日，西湖博物館和吳越史地研究會曾在這里做過試掘清理。那時候的名字，杭州人更覺得親切，叫“古蕩遺址”。試掘報告的封面，還是蔡元培題的。

1959年12月26日，考古學家夏鼐參加了一個名字很長的會議——長江流域規劃辦公室文物考古隊隊長會議，做了題為《長江流域考古問題》的發言：“太湖沿岸和杭州灣的良渚文化，是受了龍山文化影響的一種晚期文化” 。至此，“良渚文化”的命名正式提出。

2019年，正好是“良渚文化”命名60周年。就是這位浙江溫州學者的發言，給了良渚一個“名分”。

從首個工作站到“王的墓葬”

良渚古城復原圖。

良渚遺址發掘的核心力量，毫無疑問，便是浙江省文物考古研究所。

浙江省文物考古研究所于1979年正式成立，1981年，發掘余杭瓶窯吳家埠遺址時，發現了馬家浜、崧澤和良渚文化的堆積與墓葬，并在當地建立了第一個良渚工作站：吳家埠工作站。

從此，良渚一帶開始有了長期穩定的考古工作，隨后組織了兩次調查，新發現不少遺址。

1986年在“良渚發現50周年會議”上，考古學家王明達提出“良渚遺址群”的概念，并公布了“已知的地點多達四五十處”。

20世紀70、80年代，江蘇、上海發現一系列重要良渚文化遺址.堪稱里程碑的，就是草鞋山。1973年初夏，南京博物院對吳縣草鞋山進行發掘，這座良渚文化大墓M198（編號198號墓，下同），是良渚文化研究歷程中第一次發現的大型高等級墓葬。

良渚考古的轉折點，發生在1986年和1987年。浙江余杭反山王陵、瑤山祭壇的發掘，在考古學界看來，絕無僅有，石破驚天。

1986年，浙江省文物考古研究所在反山西部660平方米的發掘中，共清理良渚文化大墓11座，其中，12號墓剛好位于中間位置，顯露出它的特殊身份。反山王陵是已知良渚文化遺址出土玉器數量最多，品種最豐富，雕琢最精美的一處高等級墓葬，總共出土了1200多件（組）玉器。更重要的是，首次在玉器上發現了良渚人的完整LOGO——完整的神人與獸面復合的圖像。

既然有良渚國王，那么王的女人在哪兒？1987年，考古隊在這片紅土中發現了一座祭祀遺址，名為瑤山。瑤山11號墓玉器出土了女人擁有的最高等級玉器和奢侈品。據推測，墓主人應當是良渚王后。

1991年，考古隊員發現了一座形制與瑤山十分相似的祭壇，并清理了4座大墓，這就是匯觀山。兩座祭壇上為什么都會有貴族大墓？

考古隊員發現，墓葬明顯破壞了祭壇原先的構筑設計，因此推測在這些墓葬埋入時，祭壇的最初的祭祀功能可能已經放棄了，而是轉變為顯貴者們的專用墓地。

瑤山和匯觀山相距約7公里，都始建于良渚文化早期，建在自然山體之上，形態也相似，高臺頂部有一個耐人尋味的“回”字形灰土方框。我們至今還能看到瑤山祭壇壘石包邊的拐角，整齊，結實。

莫角山全景圖

大莫角山臺基復原圖。

消逝的良渚古城逐漸露臉

2006年6月，考古專家劉斌帶著考古隊在瓶窯葡萄畈遺址進行試掘。一條良渚時期的南北向古河道的發現，讓劉斌感覺有戲。洛陽鏟一把下去，在3米多深的地方，碰到了石塊。

一石激起千層浪。

2007年3月到11月，經過發掘最終發現確認了四面城墻。

2007年11月29日，由浙江省文物局和杭州市政府共同舉行了新聞發布會，宣布發現了面積達300萬平方米良渚古城。

良渚古城像一個圓角長方形，總面積近300萬平方米。城墻總長約6公里，共發現8座水城門，四面城墻各2座，另在南城墻中部發現陸城門一處。

莫角山宮殿區，位于古城的正中心，堪稱中國最早的“紫禁城”，面積近30萬平方米，上面又分布著三座宮殿：大莫角山、小莫角山、烏龜山。

考古隊員在宮殿區，發現了35座良渚人的房子，排列有序，規劃嚴謹。其中，大莫角山上發現了7座300到900平方米的房屋基址，最大的那座房基，有940平方米。

2007-2019年，良渚遺址的考古不再是散點式的，開始進入到長期的、有計劃的考古階段。

經過12年的大規模勘探、調查和發掘工作，我們對良渚古城的結構布局和格局演變有了清晰的認識——

良渚古城遺址由良渚古城核心區、水利系統、祭壇墓地和外圍郊區等部分組成。其中，良渚古城的核心區面積為800萬平方米，可分為宮殿區、內城和外郭三重結構體系，類似后世中國都城的宮城、內城和外郭城，良渚人創造了中國最早的三重城格局。

2009年到2016年，良渚古城西北部一個大型水利系統的發現，再次證實了古城的都城結構。

1936年至今，良渚文化遺址到底發現了多少處？

除了以良渚古城為核心的分布區，面積約3.65萬平方公里的環太湖地區，還有外圍區，向北可擴展至江淮地區、寧鎮地區，向南可達金衢盆地、寧紹地區，目前已發現良渚文化遺址1000多處，出土了不少重要遺存。

2010年，杭州余杭區茅山遺址發現了一條良渚文化時期的獨木舟，和如今的獨木舟樣子差不多，全長7.35米、最寬0.45米。這是良渚文化首次發現獨木舟，也是目前國內考古發掘出土中最長、最完整的史前獨木舟。

位于杭州市余杭經濟開發區的玉架山遺址，2008年到2016年發現了由6個相鄰的環壕圍溝組成的良渚文化完整的聚落遺址，反映了良渚文化社會的基本單元和結構，六個環壕應該代表了六個相關的氏族。

2011年到2015年，江蘇考古學家發現蔣莊遺址，位于江蘇興化、東臺兩市交界處。這個發現震撼了很多人，因為它更新了我們的記憶條——過去，學界傳統觀點認為，良渚文化的范圍以環太湖為主，向北不超過長江，但它的發現，填補了長江以北地區良渚文化考古發現的空白。其中最引人矚目的，當數遺址東北部的良渚文化墓地。目前，已清理墓葬有280座，都是長方形豎穴土坑，可分出單人仰身直肢一次葬、火化二次葬和拾骨二次葬三種葬式，出土各類質地隨葬品700余件。隨葬玉器中包含有琮、璧類高等級禮玉，并出土刻繪“祭壇”符號的玉璧一件。

良渚人做各種高端工作，工種很多，他們也會在河道兩岸擺擺“市集”，建各種“工作室”。2015年，考古隊員在莫角山東南腳下，一條名為鐘家港的南北向主河道里，發現了大量玉料、玉石鉆芯、燧石等跟制玉有關的遺物，同時也發現了大型木構件、漆木器、骨器等制作的殘件、半成品和加工工具。這是古城內首次發現手工業作坊區。

2017年到2019年，考古隊員在浙江德清一片名為中初鳴的遺址群里，發現了良渚人的大型制玉“園區”。這個迄今為止長江下游地區發現的良渚文化時期規模最大的制玉作坊遺址群，出土了大量制玉相關遺存，是目前出土玉料、玉器半成品最多的良渚文化遺址。這里不止一家制玉“工廠”，人們陸續發現和確認了木魚橋、田板埭、保安橋、小橋頭、王家里等多處遺址點，目前已有7處，這些遺址點均有玉料出土，面積達到了100萬平方米。

良渚古城遺址申遺成功，但考古發掘仍在繼續。關于這個國度更多的秘密，會繼續被發現、被講述、被期待。

83-Year Archaeological Projects Led to Discovery of Ancient Liangzhu City

First Digging and Identification

Shi Xingeng was 25 years old when he conducted an archaeological project around Liangzhu from December 1936 to March 1937. Liangzhu， part of Yuhang， now a district of Hangzhou， was the young archaeologists hometown. On behalf of the West Lake Museum， he explored six locations around Liangzhu. The excavation was on a small scale and he test-dug there three times. He discovered black pottery objects which indicated the human activities in the Neolithic Age. He reported his discovery in an academic paper titled.

中初鳴的遺址群。

As the epoch-making excavation marked the beginning of an epic archaeological project which has been going on strong for eight decades， Shi Xingeng is much talked about among archaeologists and historians. Less well known is another excavation conducted on May 31， 1936 by archaeologists of the West Lake Museum and Institute of Historical ad Geographic Studies of Wu Yue at Laohe Mountain near to the city proper of Hangzhou. The site was referred to as Gudang Site in a report， the cover of which carried an inscription by Cai Yuanpei， a famed scholar and educator of national renown. The site is on the present-day Yuquan Campus of Zhejiang University. In 1953 the site was excavated again. A stone -axe was unearthed there.

The name of the Liangzhu Culture was historically put forward at an academic meeting held on December 26， 1959 by the archaeologist Xia Nai. Speaking of archaeological issues along the Yangtze River， he pointed out that the Liangzhu Culture around the Taihu Lake and Hangzhou Bay flourished at the late period of the Neolithic Age with influences of the Longshan Culture.

The year 2019 marks the 60th anniversary of the designation. The speech of the scholar who was a native of Wenzhou in the southeast of Zhejiang gave birth to an identity that Liangzhu is proud of.

First Workstation?and Kings Women

雪天的良渚古城遺址。

Zhejiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has been playing a central part in all the key archaeological projects around Liangzhu. Shortly after its inception， the institute started a digging project at the Wujiabu Site in Pingyao， Yuhang. Archaeologists discovered layers of three different cultures and tombs. The setup of the Wujiabu Workstation， the first of its kind in the extensive archaeological project of Liangzhu， marked a systematic archaeological exploration around Liangzhu. The institute conducted two more digging projects and found more sites.

The archaeologist Wang Mingda suggested the notion of Liangzhu Site Complex at a meeting in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of Liangzhu sites. The meeting was held in 1986. It was announced at the gathering that the complex comprised about 50 sites.

A milestone discovery of Liangzhu Culture occurred in the early 1973 when archaeologists of Nanjing Museum in Jiangsu Province conducted an excavation at Caoxieshan in Wuxian， a county which borders Zhejiang to the south. Tomb M198 exhumed at the site was the first of its kind ever found in the history of Liangzhu archaeological projects. Someone of the top class of Liangzhu was buried there， as testified by a jade? in the tomb. It was the first of its kind ever found around Liangzhu. As time went on， more jade objects were found around Liangzhu. Jade has become a signature object that identifies the Liangzhu Culture.

The excavation in 1986 and 1987 turned a new chapter in the archaeological study of the Liangzhu Culture. Archaeologists discovered a royal cemetery at Fanshan， and a sacrificial altar at Yaoshan. Of over 1，200 jade objects， unearthed from the 11 tombs at the royal cemetery in Fanshan， was a jade bearing an image of a complete human figure with an animal face. The image is considered as the logo of the Liangzhu Culture. If buried in the tomb was the king of Liangzhu， where were the women of the king？ In 1987， archaeologists found a sacrificial altar in Yaoshan. They also found some tombs there. One of the tombs contained a large group of artifacts and luxuries. It was reasoned that the person buried there must have been the queen. In 1991， another sacrificial altar was discovered at Huiguanshan， about 7 kilometers away from Yaoshan. Beside the altar were four tombs where presumably the nobles were buried. The two altars resemble each other in many ways. Both are located on hills. Both have a flat top with four corners protected by stones.

Liangzhu City

卞家山遺址出土的木槳。

The sound of the ancient city of Liangzhu was first heard in June 2006 when archaeologist Liu Bin and his colleagues were conducting a field study at a site called Putaofan in Pingyao， Yuhang. They were intensively exploring the place where they hoped to find more after they discovered a section of an ancient watercourse which ran in the south-north direction and could be traced to the time of Liangzhu. Liu poked his Luoyang shovel vertically down into the soil and the sound came from the shovel that touched some rocks three meters underground.

From March to November 2007， archaeologists excavated the ruins of an ancient city surrounded by a stone wall on four sides. It was announced on November 29， 2007 that the ancient Liangzhu City was discovered.

The site of the ancient city measures about 3 million square meters and resembles a rectangle with round corners. The city wall totals about six kilometers in length， punctuated with eight river gates and one land gate. Inside the city is a palace area that measures about nearly 300，000 square meters. Archaeologists counted 35 house foundations in the palace area. The foundations of seven big buildings range from 300 to 900 square meters in area， the biggest one being 940 square meters.

A systematic digging that lasted from 2007 to 2019 further establishes that the site of the ancient Liangzhu City is composed of the core city， a water-control system， altars and cemeteries， and peripheral suburbs. The 8-million-square-meter core area consists of the palaces， the inner city， and the outer city. This is the very prototype of the ancient city system that can be seen in capital cities in following dynasties in Chinese history. The water-control system to the northwest of Liangzhu City was unearthed from 2009 to 2016. It was the biggest dam system and the biggest public utility project of that time in the world.

瑤山遺址。

The Liangzhu Culture radiated out from the city， as testified by over 1，000 Liangzhu Culture sites spread wide and far around the Taihu Lake to the central and north of present-day Jiangsu in the north and to the southwest and the east of Zhejiang Province in the south. New excavation projects in Jiangsu have long since made scholars aware that the influences of the Liangzhu Culture reached out much far than previously believed. In a cemetery at the Jiangtai Site located at a border area between Xinghua and Dongtai in Jiangsu Province， ritual jade objects were unearthed.

In 2010， a canoe was found at the Maoshan Site， which can be traced to the Liangzhu Culture period. The ancient specimen looks like the canoe people see today. It is 7.35 meters long and the widest part is 0.45 meter. The canoe is the first of its kind unearthed in the archaeological studies of the Liangzhu Culture. It is also the longest and best preserved prehistoric canoe ever unearthed in China.

An excavation project conducted at the Yujiashan Site locates a string of six settlements in close neighborhood， respectively surrounded by moats. It is believed that the settlements reflect the essential social structure and individual members of a community and that the six settlements represent six related clans.

Seven jade processing sites have been unearthed so far， which all date back to the Liangzhu period. From 2017 to 2019， archaeologists located a large jade processing zone in Deqing， a county just north of Hangzhou. Eighteen kilometers from Liangzhu， the seven sites are in the zone and add up to over 1 million square meters in area. It is the biggest zone of jade processing factories in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River ever discovered so far. Unearthed from these sites are a large quantity of raw jade materials and semi-finished jade artifacts.

A more concentrated workshop area has been found inside the walled city of Liangzhu. In a north-south river on the southeast side of Mojiaoshan， a large quantity of raw jade materials， discarded jade wastes， and flints， all relevant in jade processing， were discovered. Also found there were wooden components， lacquer wares， jade artifacts and tools.

良渚古城遺址出土的石器。