埃米利亞諾薩帕塔小學，荷胡特拉，莫雷洛斯，墨西哥

建筑設計：阿爾貝托·卡拉奇

1 鳥瞰/Aerial view

2017 年，墨西哥多地的數場地震撼動了整個國家。有鑒于此，由阿爾貝托·卡拉奇設計的荷胡特拉學校項目提供了應對地震的新舉措。卡拉奇的工作室研究了幾所倒塌的學校，并提出了一個能夠抵御災難的新模式。

解決方案為雙向的清水混凝土拱結構，以保證地震下的剛度和強度。混凝土材料的選用，回應了耐候與實用的概念；正交的拱廊也能夠影響人群的流線，從而圍合出多功能空間，促進了人群的流動。

另一方面，混凝土和木門、格柵及屋頂的花架形成了虛實的對比，再加上天花板的高度，以及以螺旋樓梯為核心的垂直流線，共同營造了一個舒適的、環境友好的多向通風系統。

項目由13 間教室、一間食堂和一組辦公區組成。項目建造于兩所學校的原址之上，并試圖將原本分離的兩個區塊融合起來，以形成開放的中庭：陰翳和靜謐于此誕生，經由它們帶來沉思的體驗。□（莫妮卡·阿雷拉諾 文，王一橋 譯）

項目信息/Credits and Data

地點/Location: Higuerón, Jojutla, Morelos State, Mexico

客戶/Client: Fundacion Hogares, INFONAVIT

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: Alberto Kalach

設計團隊/Design Team: Roberto Silva

合作者/Collaborator: Roberto Silva

結構設計/Structural Design: Mario Romero Castello

施工/Construction: GV Arquitectos

顧問/Consultants: Humberto Andrade, Ericka Azpeitia

材料與結構/Material and Structure: 混凝土、木材、鋼/Concrete, wood, steel

建筑面積/Floor Area: 2200m2

造價/Cost: 30,000,000 MXN

設計周期/Design Period: 4個月/4 months

建造周期/Construction Period: 1年/1 year

繪圖/Drawings: Roberto Silva

攝影/Photos: Jaime Navarro

The Jojutla School project, designed by Alberto Kalach is an initiative that arose from the events that shook Mexico after the 2017 earthquakes in different regions. For this, the office led by Alberto Kalach detected a couple of schools that collapsed and initiated an investigation on a prototype that would resist future events of the type.

A structure of arches in two directions becomes the solution, being rigid and solid, accompanied by bare slabs.That is why the choice of concrete as the main material was an ideal response governed by the concepts of durability and practicality to allow creating spaces to shape the transits of users for fluid circulation and versatile spaces.

On the other hand, the contrast of the concrete with the wooden doors, pergolas and lattices, combined with the height of the ceilings and the vertical circulations starting from helical shapes, will form a system of cross ventilation that is generous with the users and the ambience of the environment.

The master plan consisting of thirteen classrooms, one canteen and an office area started from a pre-existing location of the two schools that were erected within the same area and sought to combine what were previously two isolated blocks to create a single one that allowed open interior courtyards where silence and shadows inhabit in such a way that they produce a contemplative experience.□ (Text by Mónica Arellano)

2 屋頂鳥瞰/Roof aerial view

3 庭院/View of courtyard

4.5 立面/Elevations

6 縱剖面/Longitudinal section

7 橫剖面/Transverse section

8 首層平面/Ground floor plan

9 屋頂平面/Roof plan

10.11 日常景象/Views of daily use

評論

路璐：基于抗震需求，將結構系統完全獨立出來，粗糙的混凝土拱圈墻體似乎還閃爍著勒·柯布西耶式建筑的光輝，然而木材和紅磚取代了三原色或是路易斯·巴拉甘式的絢麗色彩。柯布西耶對20世紀拉美建筑產生了巨大的影響，幾代墨西哥建筑師不遺余力地將其理念落地實現（如Mario Pani的住區）；而巴拉甘的信徒們更是把色彩推向了符號化，這些狂熱終于在1990年代讓人感到尷尬和荒誕（如Teodoro González de León的巨構和Ricardo Legorreta的雕塑），這時唯獨清醒的就是卡拉奇，其克制的建筑語言為新世紀的墨西哥建筑師們樹立了榜樣。

莫妮卡·阿雷利亞諾：荷胡特拉的這所小學校是一項震后恢復項目，它展現了映射在阿爾貝托·卡拉奇草圖中的明確的線性元素。其中最重要的一點在于，這個項目所采用的清水混凝土在體現了結構抗性的同時保留了物體抵抗時間流逝的意志。不過，箱式混凝土板與混凝土拱門、以及順著空氣流通的方向打開的通向內庭院的螺旋樓梯之間的對比，軟化了這些明顯硬朗的筆觸，并在視覺上以木格柵巧妙收尾。（龐凌波 譯）

12.13 日常景象/Views of daily use

14.15 日常景象/Views of daily use

Comments

LU Lu: Considering the anti-seismic requirement,the structural system is totally exposed. It seems that the glory of masterpieces by Le Corbusier can be seen at the rough concrete arc ring wall, but the wood and red bricks have taken the place of the three primary colours or the magnificent colours used by Luis Barragán. Le Corbusier produced tremendous influences over architectural design in Latin America in the 20th century: generations of Mexican architects practiced his concepts in their design with great effort (like the residential area by Mario Pani); and the followers of Barragán almost signalised the use of colours. All these enthusiastic works eventually make people feel embarrassed and absurd (like the giant structure by Teodoro González de León and the sculpture by Ricardo Legorreta), except Alberto Kalach who kept clear-minded, and his self-restrained architectural language establishes good models for Mexican architects in the new century. (Translated by QIAN Fang)

16 內景/Interior view

17.18 外景/Exterior views

Monica Arellano: This Primary School in Jojutla is a resilience project that exposes the firm lines which are projected in the sketches of Alberto Kalach. One of the most important factors is that it is a work of raw concrete focused on structural resistance and the dignity of the object against the passage of time.However, the apparent hardness of these strokes is softened by the contrast between the cassette slab with the concrete arches and helical circulations that follow the course of the wind opening the path to the light of the interior gardens, which finish off visually with the subtlety of wooden lattices.