羅文姬 羅必敬 蔣霞 侯文娟 王凌暉



摘 ?要:酸鋁抑制植物生長(zhǎng)是全球關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。以往關(guān)于酸鋁脅迫的研究主要在禾本科和豆科植物上,而對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)用材林木較少。為此,本研究以巨尾桉廣林9號(hào)為供試材料,在無(wú)鋁(0?mmol/L)和鋁脅迫(5?mmol/L)2種情況下,設(shè)置一氧化氮(NO)3個(gè)水平(0、10、500 μmol/L),以期探究鋁脅迫下外源施加NO對(duì)巨尾桉生長(zhǎng)和生理方面的影響。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:(1)5 mmol/L鋁處理下的巨尾桉根、莖、葉生物量分別顯著減少了11.57%、12.04%和37.37%,葉片葉綠素a、葉綠素a+b和類(lèi)胡蘿卜素含量積累也受抑制;(2)鋁脅迫下葉片細(xì)胞膜透性顯著增大,膜脂過(guò)氧化的產(chǎn)物丙二醛(MDA)顯著增加了43.12%,細(xì)胞可溶性糖和蛋白含量分別顯著減少了9.43%、42.27%;(3)適量添加NO?(10?μmol/L)可提高鋁脅迫下光合色素含量,提高最大的葉綠素a達(dá)41.23%,MDA含量明顯降低了27.66%,提高可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,以達(dá)到調(diào)節(jié)活性氧代謝來(lái)維持細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定的效果,從而使生物量顯著提高了10.19%;(4)NO濃度過(guò)高(500 μmol/L?SNP)時(shí)反而對(duì)巨尾桉有毒害作用,生物量下降了15.17%,說(shuō)明NO具有雙重性。綜上所述,鋁脅迫對(duì)巨尾桉生長(zhǎng)、滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)和抗氧化酶等生理特性均產(chǎn)生了抑制作用,而適當(dāng)添加外源NO可以緩解鋁對(duì)巨尾桉的毒害作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:巨尾桉;鋁脅迫;一氧化氮;生長(zhǎng);生理中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S727.3??????文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
Effects of Nitric Oxide on Growth and Physiology of Eucalyptus under Aluminum Stress
LUO Wenji1, LUO Bijing1, JIANG Xia2, HOU Wenjuan1, WANG Linghui1*
1.?Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; 2.?Nanning Arboretum,?Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China
Abstract:Acid?aluminum inhibiting?plant growth is a global concern. Previous studies on acid and aluminum stress were mainly focused on gramineae and leguminous plants, less on economic timber species. In order to investigate the effects of exogenous application of nitric oxide on the growth and physiology of?E. grandis ×?E. urophyllaGuanglin?No.?9 under aluminum stress, three concentrations?of nitric oxide (NO) were applied in the absence of aluminium (0 mmol/L) and aluminium stress (5 mmol/L).?The results showed that: (1)?the biomass of the roots, stems and leaves ofE. grandis ×?E. urophyllatreated with 5 mmol/L?Al significantly decreased by 11.57%, 12.04% and 37.37%, respectively, and the accumulation of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids in the leaves was also inhibited. (2) Under Al stress, the cell membrane permeability of the leaves increased significantly, the product of membrane lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) increased by 43.12%, and the content of soluble sugar and protein decreased by 9.43% and 42.27%, corresspondingly.?(3) The content of photosynthetic pigments increased by 41.23% under Al stress by adding NO (10 μmol/L).?The content of MDA reduced by 27.66% and the content of soluble sugar and protein increased to regulate the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to maintain the stability of cell membrane structure, thus the biomass significantly increased?by 10.19%. (4) NO concentration increased by 10.19%. Over-high NO?(500 μmol/L) was toxic toE.?grandis, and the biomass decreased by 15.17%. This indicated that NO had dual characteristics.?The results showed that:?(1)?5 mmol/L?Al significantly inhibited the root and above-ground biomass, and inhibited?the accumulation of Chl a, Chl a+b and Car.?(2)?Al stress significantly increased?cell membrane permeability and MDA?(the product of plasmalemma peroxidation),?decreased?soluble sugar and soluble protein content inEucalyptusleaves.?(3) Addition of exogenous nitric oxide (10 μmol/L) could alleviate the effect of aluminum stress on photosynthetic pigments, significantly reduce?MDA content, and increase the content of soluble sugar and soluble protein in order to regulate the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and maintain the stability of cell membrane structure, thus significantly increasing the biomass ofE. grandis ×E. urophyllaGuanglin No.?9. (4) When nitric oxide concentration was higher than 500μM SNP, it was toxic toE. grandis ×E. urophyllaGuanglin No. 9. It showed?that NO had?dual nature.?In conclusion, aluminum stress inhibited the growth and physiological characteristics of osmoregulation substances and antioxidant enzymes onE. grandis×E. urophyllaGuanglin No. 9, and the toxic effect of aluminum on Eucalyptus could be alleviated by appropriate addition of nitric oxide.
Keywords:E. grandis×E. urophylla Guanglin?No. 9;?aluminum stress; nitric oxide; growth; physiological
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2020.01.011
鋁(Al)毒害的假設(shè)認(rèn)為酸性土壤中的鋁毒害林木,致使其生長(zhǎng)率降低、出材率衰減、養(yǎng)分嚴(yán)重流失,造成森林衰退[1]。研究表明,鋁毒害會(huì)抑制植物根伸長(zhǎng)和植株生長(zhǎng),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞膜透性增大、抗氧化酶提高以及光合作用受損等[2]。而在中國(guó)南方分布著大面積富鐵鋁化酸性土壤,隨著不良?xì)夂蚝筒划?dāng)施肥等影響,酸性土壤面積日趨增加,鋁在這種土壤中會(huì)抑制南方地區(qū)林木生長(zhǎng)。速生桉是中國(guó)南方重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)林之一,以經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益突出被廣為種植。
一氧化氮(NO)是在植物體內(nèi)以自由基形態(tài)存在的氣體小分子信號(hào)物質(zhì),能夠調(diào)控植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,在植物受到脅迫時(shí)傳導(dǎo)信息以提高植物抗逆性,但也可能作為一種活性氮在植物體內(nèi)大量積累造成損害[3]。研究表明NO對(duì)提高植物抗逆性的作用機(jī)理主要有2個(gè)方面,一是NO作為信息轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的第二信使,如NO作為生長(zhǎng)素下游信號(hào)分子調(diào)控抗氧化酶活性,參與生理活動(dòng)調(diào)控[4];二是NO與活性氧(ROS)發(fā)生相互作用,并包括直接作用(以抗氧化劑形式直接進(jìn)行反應(yīng)[5])和間接作用(改變植物細(xì)胞的氧化還原電位差)2種形式。目前,關(guān)于NO在植物耐鋁毒中的作用的研究取得了一定進(jìn)展,但主要集中在灌木和草本植物(紅蕓豆[6])方面。
迄今,關(guān)于速生桉的研究有很多,但關(guān)于鋁脅迫對(duì)速生桉生長(zhǎng)和生理生化指標(biāo)的傷害以及緩解該傷害的研究甚少。還沒(méi)有關(guān)于NO對(duì)速生桉鋁脅迫傷害緩解作用的研究。因此,本試驗(yàn)以巨尾桉品種‘廣林9號(hào)為供試材料,探討了不同濃度外源NO處理對(duì)巨尾桉鋁毒害的調(diào)控作用,以期分析酸鋁毒害對(duì)速生桉品種生長(zhǎng)、生理的影響,解決中國(guó)西南地區(qū)酸鋁脅迫對(duì)速生桉生長(zhǎng)的抑制問(wèn)題,提高林地生產(chǎn)力,緩解木材供需矛盾。
1.1材料
試驗(yàn)地位于廣西大學(xué)林學(xué)院苗圃基地(108° 17′E,22°50′N(xiāo)),氣候類(lèi)型屬亞熱帶季風(fēng)氣候,日照時(shí)間長(zhǎng),降水量充沛,霜凍少,年平均氣溫約為21?℃,極端最高氣溫可達(dá)40.6?℃,極端最低氣溫?2.5?℃。年均降雨量1305 mm,平均相對(duì)濕度為78%。供試苗木為廣西林業(yè)科學(xué)院提供的3月齡長(zhǎng)勢(shì)健康且一致的巨尾桉‘廣林9號(hào)組培苗,苗高(20.6±0.65)cm,地徑(2.03±0.15)?mm。苗木移植到裝有滅菌河沙的多孔塑料花盆中,花盆規(guī)格為500 mm?(徑)×400 mm?(高),每盆1株,每天澆水,1周后,每周每盆澆1次1 L改良Hoagland營(yíng)養(yǎng)液進(jìn)行緩苗。
1.2方法
1.2.1 ?試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)??參考葉紹明[7]關(guān)于桉樹(shù)林地pH測(cè)定結(jié)果為4.0~4.8和楊梅等[2]認(rèn)為酸性條件下120?mg/L Al3+對(duì)桉樹(shù)幼苗產(chǎn)生了抑制作用,以及一氧化氮(sodium nitroprussid, SNP為供體)能夠緩解鋁毒害,濃度為10?μmol/L可以緩解植株根、莖和葉生長(zhǎng)抑制,而500?μmol/L時(shí)僅緩解植株葉片生長(zhǎng)抑制[5]。因此,本試驗(yàn)采用完全隨機(jī)試驗(yàn),設(shè)置3個(gè)NO濃度(0、10、500?μmol/L)和2個(gè)Al3+水平[0 (?Al)和5 mmol/L (+Al)],共組成6個(gè)處理,每處理10株重復(fù)。處理期間每周澆1次處理液,NO-Al持續(xù)處理20周。K+的濃度用K2SO4調(diào)平,處理液的pH用HCl或NaOH調(diào)節(jié)到4.1~4.2,保證酸性環(huán)境,具體處理設(shè)計(jì)見(jiàn)表1。
1.2.2 ?測(cè)定指標(biāo)與方法 ?處理結(jié)束后,每個(gè)處理選取3株生長(zhǎng)良好、位置一致的功能葉片測(cè)量相關(guān)生理指標(biāo)。生理指標(biāo)桉照《植物生理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)指導(dǎo)》[8]要求測(cè)量。其中,葉綠素、類(lèi)胡蘿卜素含量采用丙酮-乙醇混合提取法;丙二醛含量采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法;葉片可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮比色法;可溶性蛋白含量采用考馬斯亮藍(lán)G-250染色法;過(guò)氧化物酶(POD)活性采用愈創(chuàng)木酚法測(cè)定,而過(guò)氧化物酶(CAT)活性采用紫外分光光度法測(cè)定。同時(shí),每個(gè)處理精選3株生長(zhǎng)情況具備代表性的桉樹(shù)測(cè)其生物量,將植株根、莖、葉分開(kāi)分別裝入紙袋,105?℃殺青后于80?℃烘至恒重,再稱(chēng)取其根、莖、葉生物量(干重)。
模糊綜合評(píng)價(jià)法根據(jù)隸屬度理論把定性評(píng)價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)化為定量評(píng)價(jià),對(duì)多個(gè)對(duì)象做出一個(gè)總體的評(píng)價(jià)。巨尾桉耐鋁性評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)用模糊綜合評(píng)價(jià)中隸屬函數(shù)值法[9],對(duì)所有測(cè)定的生長(zhǎng)和生理指標(biāo)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)。隸屬函數(shù)的計(jì)算公式:U(Xij)= (Xij?Xmin)/(Xmax?Xmin)。
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