蘇李君,劉云鶴,王全九,2
基于有效積溫的中國水稻生長模型的構建
蘇李君1,劉云鶴1,王全九1,2※
(1. 西安理工大學省部共建西北旱區生態水利國家重點實驗室,西安 710048;2. 中國科學院水利部水土保持研究所黃土高原土壤侵蝕與旱地農業國家重點實驗室,楊凌 712100)
有效積溫是指作物生長至某一生育階段所需要積累的有效溫度,是反映氣象條件對作物生長影響的主要指標,研究有效積溫對作物生長過程的影響對提高農業生產效率具有重要意義。該文以有效積溫作為氣象因子,收集中國氣象數據網中的氣象數據和已發表的學術論文中的水稻生長數據,建立了描述水稻生長過程的葉面積指數和干物質積累量的普適Logistic模型,并研究了水稻最大葉面積指數與最大干物質積累量、收獲指數(作物經濟產量與生物產量的比值)及降水量之間的關系。結果表明:有效積溫為1 000 ℃左右時,水稻葉面積指數最大,且此時干物質增長速率最大;水稻最大葉面積指數與最大干物質積累量之間表現為線性關系;最大葉面積指數和收獲指數、降水量之間為二次拋物線關系,當降水量為670.5 mm時,最大葉面積指數為7.93,對應的水稻收獲指數達到最大值0.50。該研究對于構建其他作物的生長模型具有一定的參考意義。
降水量;生物量;水稻;有效積溫;作物生長指標;Logistic模型
水稻是中國的主要糧食作物之一,其種植面積占谷物總種植面積的32.5%,產量占糧食總產量的37.9%[1]。但近年來,隨著氣候變化,水稻生育期內的高溫和暴雨天氣頻發,直接導致了稻米質量下降,甚至造成減產,糧食安全受到威脅[2]。有研究表明,相較于20世紀,21世紀水稻生育期內的平均日照時數減少了11.93%,總降水量增加了1.59%,平均降水強度增加了3.22%,而溫度每升高1 ℃,水稻單產將下降4%~10%[3]。因此,為了水稻生產管理適應氣候變化,結合氣象因素來研究氣候變化情況下水稻的生長特征,建立普適的水稻生長模型已經刻不容緩。
近年來眾多學者對作物生長指標的模型研究較多,王信理[4]對Logistic方程進行了深入分析,考慮了作物群體狀態與時間的影響,建立了Logistic方程修正形式,即作物普適生長函數。該模型對于后季稻(晚熟稻)以及南亞熱帶等稻區的雜交水稻生長后期干物質積累下降趨勢的描述較好,擬合效果顯著。林瑞余等[5]研究發現其試驗所選3種品種水稻的干物質積累隨時間變化趨勢均為“S”型,并利用三次曲線模型和Logistic模型分別模擬,結果顯示三次曲線擬合精度較高。李艷大等[6]將水稻不同生育期的地上干物質累積量與輻熱積進行了“歸一化”處理,經建模及模型篩選后,選擇擬合效果好且各參數具有生物學意義的Richards模型作為水稻相對干物質積累的動態模型。上述研究表明,相同地區不同處理的水稻的生長特征可采用歸一化的模型進行描述,但不同地區的水稻是否仍然具有相同生長特征,需要深入分析,為建立更加普適的模擬模型提供依據。
水稻是喜高溫、多濕、短日照作物,因此以溫度及降雨狀況作為因子來建立模型,能較好地反映水稻的生長狀況。有效積溫(growing degree days,GDD)在17世紀30年代首次被提出,當時是作為一種生態系統指標來研究溫度的日變化,同時研究其對不同植物生長階段的影響,作為發展未來氣候適應性作物的基礎[7]。它是指作物在某一生育階段內所積累的有效溫度,反映了作物在該生育期所需要的熱量大小,相較于生育期天數更為穩定,因此以有效積溫取代播種后天數來建立作物生長模型,能更為精確的達到預測作物產量的目的[8]。本研究將基于有效積溫來模擬水稻的生長變化特征,采用Logistic模型對水稻的葉面積指數和干物質積累量進行分析,建立普適的水稻生長指標與有效積溫的關系,確定合理的水稻收獲指數,提高作物生產效率,為更大范圍水稻生長特征分析,提供理論依據和相應技術參數。
水稻生長特征數據資料源自國內外已發表的89篇文章(1985年—2018年),遍及全國63個地點(不含香港、澳門、臺灣地區),氣象數據均來自中國氣象數據網。在采集作物生長數據時,遵循了以下原則:1)既直接獲取原文章中提供的數據,同時也利用GetData Graph Digitizer,根據文章中的曲線圖獲取數據;2)優先選擇普遍栽培技術和施肥、灌溉條件下的作物生長數據,不選擇未廣泛采用的新技術管理下的數據;3)每個地區盡量獲取3組以上數據樣本,但少數地區因種植和研究較少,僅取得1~2組數據樣本。
圖1顯示了本研究所采用的水稻種植地區分布圖,主要分布在東北、華東、華中和華南地區。種植地區土壤質地以水稻土為主,肥力均勻。各地區不同品種水稻的播種時間均集中在4月中旬—5月下旬,收獲時間集中在同年9月下旬—10月上旬。水稻生長期間高溫多雨,未處于淹水狀態時土壤含水量可達到田間持水量的80%左右。試驗地多以尿素(氮肥)、K2O(鉀肥)、P2O5(磷肥)作基肥。表1給出了本次研究中各生長指標所采用的樣本數量及數據來源。

注:△,驗證數據區;●,建模數據區。

表1 數據來源與樣本數量
通過查閱國內外大量有關水稻生長特征的文獻,收集其葉面積指數和地上干物質積累量變化過程的相關數據,同時通過中國氣象數據網,收集溫度數據,計算各地區不同年份水稻生育期的有效積溫,進而分析水稻各生長指標隨有效積溫變化的特征。選擇相關數據建立適用于不同地區的普適生長模型,同時建立水稻最大葉面積指數和最大干物質積累量之間的函數關系。采用湖南長沙、湖北荊州、浙江杭州、北京海淀、江蘇揚州、廣西南寧6個地區的試驗數據對所建葉面積指數生長模型進行驗證,利用遼寧大洼、四川溫江、湖北武漢、江蘇贛榆、福建尤溪、廣東江門6個地區的試驗數據驗證地上干物質積累量的生長模型。由于數據量過大,本研究選擇不同時間、有代表性且種植水稻較為普遍的地區的試驗數據來繪制各生長指標與有效積溫之間的關系曲線,研究其統一變化規律。此外,收集水稻葉面積指數、收獲指數以及降水量的數據,將最大葉面積指數的取值范圍以3~4、>4~5、>5~6、>6~7、>7~8、>8~9、>9~10、>10~11共8個區間進行劃分,并對每個區間的最大葉面積指數及對應的收獲指數求取平均值,建立二者之間的函數關系。將降水量的范圍以200~300、>300~400、>400~500、>500~600、>600~700、>700~800、>800~900、>900~1 000、>1 000~1 100 mm 9個區間進行劃分,并對每個區間的降水量及對應的最大葉面積指數求取平均值,建立二者之間的函數關系。
每種作物都有其生物學上、下限溫度,超過這個溫度范圍,作物便停止生長[98]。水稻的生物學上限溫度為40 ℃,下限溫度為10 ℃[99]。有效積溫是指日平均氣溫與作物活動所需要的最低溫度之差:

式中GDD為有效積溫,℃;avg為日平均氣溫,℃;base為作物活動所需要的最低溫度,℃。

式中T為日最高氣溫,℃;T為日最低氣溫,℃;upper為作物活動所需要的最高溫度,℃。
分別采用以GDD作為自變量的Logistic模型(式(4))和修正的Logistic模型(式(3))分析不同地區葉面積指數和干物質積累量的變化過程,具體公式如下所示:


式中LAI為葉面積指數,LAImax為葉面積指數理論最大值;DMA為作物干物質積累量,kg/hm2;DMAmax為干物質積累量理論最大值(dry matter accumulation maximum),kg/hm2;01201均為參數。在試驗過程中存在一定的測量誤差,因此各項指標的實測最大值可能并不是真實的最大值,本研究將賦予各實測最大值一定的增量,根據實測最大值來擬合理論最大值。
所收集的數據均采用Excel 2016進行處理;用MATLAB 2016進行模型參數推求;并利用2、均方根誤差(root mean square error,RMSE)、相對誤差(relative error,RE)等指標進行誤差分析;利用SPSS 22.0進行方差分析。
葉面積指數是反映作物群體狀況的重要生長指標。采用774組數據進行分析,并以東北地區為例,水稻葉面積指數隨著有效積溫變化的曲線如圖2所示。水稻葉面積指數隨有效積溫變化的規律性很強,其增減趨勢基本保持一致。當有效積溫在300~700 ℃之間時,水稻處于拔節期,此時葉面積指數快速增長;當有效積溫在700~1 000 ℃之間時,水稻處于幼穗分化至孕穗期,此階段水稻所吸收的能量同時供給營養生長和生殖生長,葉片生長所需能量較少,因此葉面積指數增長速率變緩;當有效積溫在1 000 ℃左右時,水稻開始孕穗,葉片基本停止生長,此時水稻葉面積指數達到最大值,之后葉片開始凋萎,葉面積指數逐漸下降。

圖2 水稻葉面積指數隨有效積溫的變化(以東北地區為例)
盡管水稻葉面積指數隨有效積溫變化趨勢基本一致,但各地區的LAI值存在顯著差異。為了分析其內在機制,采用相對葉面積指數以分析其共有增長特征,圖3為相對葉面積指數與有效積溫之間的關系圖。采用修正的Logistic模型對水稻相對葉面積指數進行擬合:


注:相對葉面積指數為水稻生長至某一生育期時的葉面積指數與全生育期最大葉面積指數的比值。下同。
Note: RLAI is ratio of LAI when the rice grows to a certain growth period and the maximum LAI of the whole growth period. Same as below.
圖3 不同地區水稻相對葉面積指數(RLAI)隨有效積溫的變化曲線
Fig.3 Variation of rice relative leaf area index (RLAI) with GDD in different regions
相對葉面積指數Logistic模型擬合較好(2>0.80),0分別為3.79和8.36,1分別為?0.012和?0.010,2分別為6×10-6和1×10-5(表2)。采用其他6個地區的試驗數據對所得模型進行驗證,驗證結果如圖4所示,水稻葉面積指數平均曲線的模擬值與實測值之間有較好的吻合度,平均曲線、上包絡線和下包絡線的2分別為0.96、0.35、0.41,RMSE分別為0.06、0.19、0.22,RE分別為0.61%、7.09%、9.01%,綜上,平均曲線的擬合結果最好,因此采用平均曲線作為水稻葉面積指數的模擬模型。

表2 相對葉面積指數平均曲線與包絡線的Logistic系數數值

注:R2是決定系數;RE是相對誤差;RMSE是均方根誤差;下同。
采用473組數據分析了水稻地上干物質積累量隨著有效積溫變化特性,不同區域變化趨勢一致,以華中地區為例(如圖5所示)。各地區干物質積累過程整體均隨有效積溫的增大呈現上升趨勢,就某個地區干物質積累量的變化特征而言,有效積溫<700 ℃時,主要是水稻株高和葉片生長,水稻干物質積累較慢;當有效積溫1 000~1 200 ℃之間時,水稻處于孕穗期至抽穗期,水稻同時進行營養生長與生殖生長,即株高、葉片和果實同時生長,因此干物質積累較快;有效積溫在1 200~1 500 ℃之間時,此時葉面積達到最大值,水稻處于齊穗期到乳熟期,主要進行生殖生長,水稻穗粒迅速生長飽滿,干物質仍然快速增長,但增長速度小于孕穗期,此階段溫度對水稻的生殖生長起主導作用,光合作用差、溫度過低或過高都可能影響水稻受精,導致水稻減產[100];積溫到達1 500 ℃之后,干物質積累速率明顯減小,當GDD升高至2 000 ℃左右時,干物質積累量達到最大值,此時對應水稻的成熟期。

圖5 水稻干物質積累量隨有效積溫的變化(以華中地區為例)
計算相對干物質積累量與有效積溫間關系,如圖6所示。采用Logistic模型對圖6中水稻相對干物質積累量隨有效積溫變化過程進行擬合,結果如下:

式中RDMA為水稻相對干物質積累量;DMAmax為地上干物質積累量的最大值,kg/hm2。
注:RDMA為水稻生長至某一生育期時的干物質積累量與全生育期最大干物質積累量的比值。下同。
Note: RDMA is ratio of DMA when the rice grows to a certain growth period and the maximum DMA of the whole growth period. Same as below.
圖6 不同地區水稻相對干物質積累量的模擬結果
Fig.6 Comparison between measured data and fitting curve of rice relative dry matter accumulation (RDMA)
表3給出了相對地上干物質積累量的上下包絡線的擬合參數值,可以看出,上下包絡線與外邊緣點的擬合程度較好,2均大于0.90,0分別為2.800和3.718,1分別為-3.744×10-3和-2.953×10-3。采用其他6個地區的試驗數據對所得模型進行驗證,驗證結果如圖7所示,可以看出,干物質積累量的模擬值與實測值之間有較好的吻合度,其中平均曲線、上包絡線和下包絡線的2分別為0.96、0.74、0.49,RMSE分別為0.06、0.19、0.20,RE分別為1.02%、7.54%、10.04%。平均曲線的擬合結果最佳,可以反映大部分地區的生長狀況。
利用平均曲線來分析水稻干物質積累量與有效積溫間相對變化率,對式(6)求一階導函數,并令其有效積溫分別等于200、700、1 000、1 500、2 000 ℃,得到不同有效積溫對應的曲線斜率分別為2×10-4、6×10-4、8×10-4、4×10-4、1×10-4,可知有效積溫處于1 000 ℃左右時水稻干物質積累增長速率最大,與從曲線圖中得到的結論一致。

表3 相對干物質積累量平均曲線與包絡線的Logistic系數

圖7 水稻相對干物質積累量模型驗證圖
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葉片的大小可以反映植株的生長狀況,因此在很大程度上決定著干物質積累量的大小。收集了30個地點220組水稻最大葉面積指數與最大干物質積累量的數據來探究兩者之間的關系,如圖8所示。隨著最大葉面積指數的增大,水稻的最大干物質積累也逐漸增大,二者之間呈現出線性函數關系。

圖8 水稻最大干物質積累量(DMAmax)與最大葉面積指數(LAImax)的擬合曲線
該函數的擬合效果較好,2為0.74。水稻處于孕穗期時,葉面積指數達到最大值,因此可以根據此時的葉面積指數值來預測最終干物質積累量的大小,而干物質積累量在一定程度上可以反映產量狀況,則圖8中公式可以起到初步預測產量的作用。
收獲指數是指作物收獲時的經濟產量與生物產量之比,反映了作物群體光合同化產物轉化為經濟產品的能力。葉片是光合作用的主要器官,葉面積指數在極大程度上決定著產量的高低,不同水稻品種各生育時期的葉面積指數都與產量有一定的相關性[101-102]。以收集的30個地區220組水稻葉面積指數和收獲指數的數據,分析兩者之間的關系,如圖9所示。

圖9 水稻收獲指數(HI)與LAImax的擬合曲線
從圖9中可以看出,隨著最大葉面積指數的增大,收獲指數也逐漸增大,當葉面積指數增大到一定范圍內時,收獲指數開始減小,說明在一定范圍內,葉面積指數越大,植株各器官分配的營養物質越合理,相應的產量也越大,而超過這個范圍之后,葉面積指數過大,葉片吸收過多營養物質,從而造成產量下降的現象,這與鄭俊官等[103]的研究結果一致。
水稻最大葉面積指數與收獲指數的之間的關系可以采用二次多項式函數來描述,如圖9所示。該函數關系的擬合效果較好,2為0.94。對所得的函數關系式求一階導函數,并令該導函數等于0,得到當最大葉面積指數達到8,水稻的收獲指數最大為0.50,籽粒產量最大,說明水稻全生育期的最大葉面積指數應控制在8左右,以獲取較高產量。
耗水量指作物全生育期所消耗的水量,是作物生理指標的一個主要影響因素,適宜的土壤含水率和空氣濕度可以促進作物葉片及植株生長。中國水稻的種植地區多分布在南方,其生育期內降雨多,降雨量一般可以滿足水稻的需水量,因此灌溉較少[104]。由于現有水稻的耗水量數據不夠充分,不具有代表性,本次研究采用降水量進行統計,建立水稻最大葉面積指數與全生育期降水量之間的關系。為了分析降水量與水稻生長間關系,本研究收集了30個地區220組水稻最大葉面積指數和對應的全生育期總降水量數據,計算了全生育期降水量與最大葉面積指數之間的關系,如圖10所示。從圖中可以看出,隨著降水量的增大,葉面積指數呈現出先增大后減小的趨勢。水稻屬于喜濕作物,一定范圍內,隨著降雨量的增大,水稻的植株蒸騰和棵間蒸發作用增強,可以促進水稻的良好生長。但降水量過大時,則可能導致水稻根系土壤結構變差,團聚體嚴重減少,通氣狀況不良,過大的土壤含水量還可能影響作物根系的呼吸作用,造成根系無氧呼吸,不利于水稻正常生長,甚至造成減產。大量研究表明,作物生長過程中,適當的水分虧缺能夠達到增產的作用[105-106]。
水稻最大葉面積指數與全生育期降水量的關系可以采用二次多項式函數來描述,如圖10所示。該函數關系擬合效果較好,2為0.95。對上式求一階導函數并令該導函數等于0,可得當總降水量為670.50 mm時,葉面積指數達到最大值7.93,對應的收獲指數基本接近最大值0.50。因此,當降雨量大于670.50 mm時,應及時采取適當的措施排出水稻田中過多的水分,以保證水稻的正常生長。

圖10 水稻最大葉面積指數與全生育期降水量(W)的擬合曲線
綜上,水稻葉面積指數以及干物質積累量與有效積溫之間存在良好關系,最大葉面積指數和最大干物質積累量之間具有線性關系,而且收獲指數與葉面積指數有關,葉面積指數與降水量也存在顯著函數關系,這樣構成了通過降水量和有效積溫,綜合分析水稻主要生長特征的定量模型,如式(8)所示,其中包括產量預測模型和過程調控模型。通過降水量,可以預測出水稻的最大葉面積指數,進而預測其收獲指數;給出相應生育時期的有效積溫后,可以預測葉面積指數和地上干物質積累量的變化過程,進一步將收獲指數和干物質積累量相乘,可以獲得水稻的最終產量。根據年際間的溫度變化情況,結合水稻生育期所需的有效積溫,可以確定適宜的移栽時間,水稻生長過程中某一階段的生長指標也可以通過有效積溫進行預測,若實際測量出的葉面積指數或干物質積累量與預測值偏差過大,則可根據氣候狀況,從補充灌溉、排除漬水、追施肥料等方面入手進行調控,由此形成了過程調控模型。

式中為水稻產量,kg/hm2。
本研究在分析了全國63個不同地區的水稻葉面積指數和干物質累積量的變化特征的基礎上,將水稻的各生長指標進行歸一化處理,利用相對葉面積指數和相對地上干物質積累量來描述水稻的生長特征,采用修正的Logistic模型和有效積溫擬合出上下包絡線并給出模型參數范圍,建立了適用于中國大部分地區的水稻生長普適模型。目前國際上發展較為成熟的作物模型包括AquaCrop[107],DSSAT[93],APSIM[108],WOFOST[109]等,它們對于研究田間作物在不同氣候條件、灌溉措施、施肥措施、田間管理下的生長狀況以及產量預測方面具有重要的作用,但是它們在作物生長模擬過程中需要較多的參數,不同地區、氣候條件下需要率定不同的參數值,使得模型的使用相對復雜。國內不少學者利用試驗數據建立了模擬水稻生長的多項式[8]、Logistic及Richards[9]模型,但大都是利用生育期天數來建立的模型,不能反映溫度對于水稻生長的影響,且受地域與種植時間的限制,模型不能廣泛應用。本研究基于大量數據建立了適用于中國東北、長江中下游以及華南、云貴等地區的普適模型,模型評估結果顯示2均大于0.95,擬合效果較好。該普適生長模型具有參數少,形式簡單,便于運用的優點,在不同地區具有很大的推廣應用前景,對于確定不同地區水稻的適宜播期,把握水稻生長態勢,準確預測產量,提高作物生產力具有十分重要的作用。
本研究利用不同地區、不同年份水稻全生育期降水量的數據,建立了降水量與水稻最大葉面積指數的關系。由于目前收集的文獻中同時提供水稻生長指標數據和耗水量或灌水量的數據過少,不能直接采用耗水量或灌溉量與作物生長指標建立關系。劉鈺等研究表明[110],東北、長江中下游以及華南等地區作物對灌溉的需求量相對較低,其平均灌溉指數均小于0.5,而本次研究采集到的數據大都來源于這些地區,僅有一小部分來自華北地區(北京),因此考慮采用降水量進行初步的分析。此外,不同品種的水稻在某一相同的生育階段其株高、葉面積指數、干物質積累量等大小均有所不同,但由于每個品種下的數據過少,分別建立模型不具有代表性,考慮到各品種水稻的生長發育過程都是相似的,因此針對葉面積指數和干物質積累量進行了歸一化處理。通過對每組試驗數據相對化處理,并且與氣候條件結合,利用有效積溫和降水量進行建模,以此來消除不同地區氣候條件差異對作物生長特征的影響,但由于品種、灌溉、施肥、種植密度和土壤等因素的不同,從而導致仍然存在某些相對值偏高或偏低的情況(圖3和圖6)。因此,進一步的研究應針對上、下包絡線附近的數據,結合不同土壤條件、水稻品種以及具體耕作措施來建立水稻生長指標與這些因素之間的內在聯系,同時擴大數據量,擴展數據收集地區,注重機理研究,以提高作物產量的預測精度,為增產增收、提高農業生產效率提供有效預測分析方法。
本文研究了水稻相對葉面積指數和相對地上干物質積累量隨著有效積溫的變化規律,并分析了最大葉面積指數與最大干物質積累量之間的關系,以及最大葉面積指數對于水稻收獲指數的影響和總降水量對最大葉面積指數的影響,得出如下結論:
1)隨著有效積溫的增大,不同地區水稻葉面積指數變化趨勢基本一致,表現為先增大后減小的變化規律。當有效積溫增加至1 000 ℃左右時,葉面積指數達到最大值,且葉面積指數與有效積溫之間的變化規律可以很好地用Logistic模型來擬合。
2)不同地區水稻干物質積累量的增長速率呈現出“前期慢、中期快、后期慢”的變化特征,其變化過程同樣可以用Logistic模型擬合,且擬合精度較好,決定系數較高。當有效積溫在1 000 ℃左右時,水稻處于孕穗期,干物質積累的增長速率達到最大值。
3)水稻最大干物質積累量與最大葉面積指數之間呈現出明顯的線性關系,隨著最大葉面積指數的增大,最大干物質積累量也逐漸增大。
4)水稻收獲指數隨著最大葉面積指數的變化,呈現出明顯的先增后減的二次多項式關系。當最大葉面積指數為8時,收獲指數達到最大值0.50,最大葉面積指數繼續增加,收獲指數則會逐漸減小。水稻最大葉面積指數隨全生育期降水量表現為先增加后減小的變化特征。當降水量為670.5 mm左右時,葉面積指數達到最大值7.93,且該值所對應的收獲指數接近最大值0.50。
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Rice growth model in China based on growing degree days
Su Lijun1, Liu Yunhe1, Wang Quanjiu1,2※
(1.,,710048,; 2.,,712100,)
Temperature determines the maturity of crops by affecting the formation of dry matter, and ultimately affects crop yield. Therefore, studying the relationship between temperature and crop growth is very important to improve agricultural production efficiency. In this study, an universal Logistic model for describing the growth process of rice was established with growing degree days as independent variable, the leaf area index and dry matter accumulation of rice as dependent variable, respectively. A large number of data of rice growth index were collected. At the same time, the relationships between the maximum leaf area index, the maximum dry matter accumulation, harvest index (the ratio of crop economic yield to total biomass) and precipitation throughout the growth period of rice were analyzed. The results showed that with the increase of growing degree days, the change of rice leaf area index revealed obvious characteristics: increase firstly then decrease, and the change trend of leaf area index in different regions was basically similar. When the growing degree days was increased to about 1 000 ℃, the leaf area index reached the maximum and this stage corresponded to the booting stage. When the growing degree days was increased to about 1 000 ℃, the increase rate of dry matter accumulation was the largest. At this time, the leaf area almost stoped growing, and the rice entered the reproductive growth stage. There was an obvious linear relationship between the maximum leaf area index and the maximum dry matter accumulation of rice. With the increase of the maximum leaf area index, the maximum dry matter accumulation increased gradually. There was a quadratic polynomial relationship between the maximum leaf area index and harvest index of rice. When the maximum leaf area index was about 8, the harvest index was the largest. The maximum leaf area index of rice increased first and then decreased with the increase of precipitation in the whole growing period. When the precipitation of the whole growing period was about 670.5 mm, the maximum leaf area index of rice increased to about 7.9. The corresponding harvest index was also almost the maximum value. If the precipitation was more than 670.5 mm, the growth of rice leaves would be inhibited, and the photosynthesis of rice leaves would be weakened, so that the function of leaves could not be brought into full play. At the same time, too much precipitation was not conducive to the growth of rice roots, resulting in yield reduction. In this study, the rice growth regulation and yield prediction model were constructed. The results showed that the growing degree days could be used to analyze the growth process of rice accurately, and it could improve the precision of rice yield prediction and efficiency agricultural production. In this study, we considered the relationsips between the meteorological factors and the crop growth, and established the universal rice growth model by using growing degree days, precipitation and the physiological index of the rice, and estalished the prediction model of the rice yield by using the harvest index. It would be a guidance of constructing growth models of other crops.
precipitaition; biomass;rice; growing degree days; crop growth index; Logistic models
蘇李君,劉云鶴,王全九. 基于有效積溫的中國水稻生長模型的構建[J]. 農業工程學報,2020,36(1):162-174.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.01.019 http://www.tcsae.org
Su Lijun, Liu Yunhe, Wang Quanjiu. Rice growth model in China based on growing degree days[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(1): 162-174. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.01.019 http://www.tcsae.org
2019-04-16
2019-10-10
國家自然科學基金面上項目(51679190);國家自然科學基金重點項目(41830754);國家自然科學基金面上項目(51979220)
蘇李君,副教授,博士后,主要從事農業水土工程和微分方程數值解研究。Email:sljun11@163.com
王全九,教授,博士生導師,主要從事農業水土資源與生態環境研究。Email:wquanjiu@163.com
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.01.019
S511
A
1002-6819(2020)-01-0162-06