汪 映,王 鵬,王小琛
正戊醇-柴油混合燃料發(fā)動機(jī)顆粒物的形貌結(jié)構(gòu)與氧化活性研究
汪 映,王 鵬,王小琛
(西安交通大學(xué)能源與動力工程學(xué)院,西安 710049)
摻混正戊醇能夠降低柴油機(jī)顆粒物排放,但摻混正戊醇對柴油混合燃料顆粒物的形貌結(jié)構(gòu)和氧化活性的影響規(guī)律尚不明確。該研究采用高分辨率透射電子顯微鏡、拉曼光譜儀和同步熱分析儀研究了柴油機(jī)中分別燃用不同摻混比的正戊醇/柴油混合燃料時生成顆粒物的形貌、納觀結(jié)構(gòu)和氧化活性。結(jié)果表明,正戊醇摻混體積比分別為0、15%和30%的3種混合燃料燃燒顆粒物的微觀形貌相似,低倍率時表現(xiàn)為由基本碳粒子聚合而成的團(tuán)聚形貌,高倍率時呈現(xiàn)出典型的“外殼-內(nèi)核”結(jié)構(gòu);隨著正戊醇摻混比例的增加,顆粒物的基本碳粒子直徑減小,微晶長度減小而微晶曲率增加,D1峰與G峰的峰面積比增加。說明顆粒物結(jié)構(gòu)更為無序,石墨化程度降低。同時,隨著正戊醇摻混比例的增加,3種燃料燃燒顆粒物的氧化溫度逐漸降低,依次為:616.9、609.9和583.6 ℃,說明其對應(yīng)的氧化活性逐漸升高。分析表明,正戊醇/柴油混合燃料燃燒生成的顆粒物高氧化活性與其更為無序的納觀結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)。
柴油機(jī);正戊醇;顆粒物;納觀結(jié)構(gòu);氧化活性
大氣顆粒污染是目前人類面臨的主要環(huán)境污染問題之一,而柴油機(jī)排氣顆粒物是大氣顆粒物污染的主要來源之一。研究表明,柴油混合含氧醇類燃料可以有效降低柴油機(jī)顆粒物排放[1-3]。正戊醇是一種新型生物質(zhì)燃料,可以通過纖維素和糖類制取。相較于甲醇、乙醇等低碳醇而言,正戊醇具有較高的低熱值、十六烷值和黏度,較低的汽化潛熱,且與柴油的互溶性很好,更適用于壓燃發(fā)動機(jī)的燃燒模式[2]。基于此,柴油摻混正戊醇受到越來越多的關(guān)注。
Campos-Fernandez等[4-5]的研究表明,盡管正戊醇的低熱值較柴油低,但正戊醇含氧的特性使得其燃燒過程更為充分,因此,混合燃料的發(fā)動機(jī)動力性與燃用柴油時相差不大。Wei等[6]對柴油摻混正戊醇的顆粒物排放進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)研究,研究表明,正戊醇的摻混可以降低顆粒物質(zhì)量濃度和總數(shù)量濃度。這是因?yàn)椋齑急旧砗酰艺齑嫉膿交煅娱L了滯燃期,使得缸內(nèi)混合氣工質(zhì)更為均勻。Huang等[7]的數(shù)值模擬研究表明,正戊醇可降低芘(A4,碳煙前驅(qū)物),主要就是因?yàn)檎齑际橹档汀⑵瘽摕岣呒胺肿咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中含C-O鍵。
近年來,顆粒物的納觀結(jié)構(gòu)、化學(xué)組成和氧化活性受到廣泛關(guān)注。研究柴油機(jī)排氣顆粒物的納觀結(jié)構(gòu)、化學(xué)組成和氧化活性不僅可以加深對于顆粒物生成與演變機(jī)理的認(rèn)識,還能進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)柴油顆粒捕捉器(Diesel Particulate Filter,DPF)的設(shè)計(jì),具有重要意義[8-9]。Zhang等[10]對柴油/正戊醇混合燃料的化學(xué)組成開展了試驗(yàn)研究。結(jié)果表明,混合燃料可以明顯降低元素碳(Elemental Carbon,EC)排放,略微降低有機(jī)碳(Organic Carbon,OC)排放。Zhu等[11]研究表明,隨著正戊醇摻混比例的增加,生物柴油顆粒物的基本碳粒子直徑減小,且對應(yīng)碳煙微粒的氧化活性降低。但是,目前關(guān)于柴油/正戊醇混合燃料發(fā)動機(jī)顆粒物的形貌結(jié)構(gòu)和氧化活性的研究報(bào)道較少。為此,本文擬采用高分辨率透射電子顯微鏡、拉曼光譜儀和同步熱分析儀對柴油/正戊醇混合燃料發(fā)動機(jī)顆粒物的形貌結(jié)構(gòu)和氧化活性進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)研究與參數(shù)表征,為深入認(rèn)識正戊醇摻混對柴油機(jī)顆粒物生成特性的影響提供基礎(chǔ)理論參考。
試驗(yàn)發(fā)動機(jī)為車用高壓共軌柴油機(jī),其參數(shù)如表1所示。測控系統(tǒng)由GW160型電渦流測功機(jī)和Powerlink FC2000控制柜組成。試驗(yàn)工況為2 000 r/min和0.59 MPa。待發(fā)動機(jī)暖機(jī)后,冷卻水溫和機(jī)油溫度分別保持在(80±5)和(85±2)℃時開始采樣。采樣時,由真空泵直接從發(fā)動機(jī)排氣管采樣,真空泵流量為30 L/min。采樣濾紙為Whatman公司的47 mm石英纖維濾膜,采樣前將濾膜放馬弗爐中以600 ℃焙燒4 h,以去除水分和雜質(zhì)。

表1 發(fā)動機(jī)參數(shù)
以中石化生產(chǎn)的0#柴油(D100)為對比燃料,在柴油中分別摻混體積比為15%和30%的正戊醇,記為DP15、DP30。試驗(yàn)柴油和正戊醇的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)如表2所示。試驗(yàn)過程中,僅改變試驗(yàn)燃料,發(fā)動機(jī)噴油策略和其他控制參數(shù)(如Exhaust Gas Recirculation, EGR)未做任何改變。

表2 試驗(yàn)柴油和正戊醇的理化特性
采用透射電子顯微鏡(JEM-2100Plus)觀察顆粒物不同放大倍數(shù)下的形貌,并結(jié)合圖片處理軟件Image Pro Plus 6.0獲得顆粒物結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù),包括基本碳粒子直徑(D)、微晶長度(L)和微晶曲率(T)。參數(shù)表征具體方法見論文[13],統(tǒng)計(jì)中將長度小于0.483 nm的微晶忽略不計(jì)[14]。
采用拉曼光譜儀(LabRAM HR Evaluation)分析顆粒物樣品的石墨化程度。選擇波長為532 nm的He-Ne激光源,激光功率為3.2 mW,物鏡為50倍,掃描時間為30 s。采用4L1G的方法對拉曼光譜進(jìn)行分峰擬合,其中G峰和D1峰分別位于1 580和1 360 cm-1附近,5個峰分別代表石墨晶體的特定結(jié)構(gòu)特征,詳見論文[15]。
利用同步熱分析儀(STA 449F5 Jupiter)研究顆粒物的氧化活性。測試從室溫以10 ℃/min的速率升溫至800 ℃,反應(yīng)氣氛圍為空氣,流量為100 L/min。選取DSC曲線中最大放熱率對應(yīng)溫度為氧化溫度,對柴油顆粒物樣品進(jìn)行3次重復(fù)試驗(yàn),該儀器測量氧化溫度的重復(fù)性誤差為±1.05 ℃。
圖1給出了不同燃料排氣顆粒物的形貌圖。如圖1所示,低倍率(40 000×)下,不同燃料排氣顆粒物的整體微觀形貌差別不大,均呈現(xiàn)出由大量近似球狀的基本碳粒子團(tuán)聚而成的簇狀結(jié)構(gòu)。

注:D100、DP15和DP30分別為0#柴油,摻混體積比為15%和30%的正戊醇,下同。
圖2給出了燃用不同燃料時顆粒物的基本碳粒子直徑統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果。圖中箱體上下端分別代表統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的75%位數(shù)和25%位數(shù),箱體中橫線表示統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的中間值,箱體中實(shí)心點(diǎn)表示平均數(shù),箱體延伸出的長度代表統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差。

圖2 不同燃料燃燒顆粒物的基本碳粒子直徑
由圖2可知,基本碳粒子的平均直徑隨正戊醇摻混比例增加而下降(從21.813下降至20.030)。分析認(rèn)為,基本碳粒子的平均直徑主要受碳煙生成過程中表面生長和氧化所決定[9]。由于正戊醇含氧,促進(jìn)了碳煙的氧化過程;與此同時,正戊醇的摻混減少了碳煙前驅(qū)物如芘的生成[7],進(jìn)而減少了碳煙的表面生長。因此,柴油摻混正戊醇后,顆粒物的基本碳粒子平均直徑降低。
高倍率(800 000×)透射電子顯微鏡下,燃用不同燃料時顆粒物的基本碳粒子均呈現(xiàn)出典型的“外殼-內(nèi)核”結(jié)構(gòu),如圖3所示。圖中,用短線條勾勒出基本碳粒子的“外殼”輪廓及微晶分布,用圓圈標(biāo)識出“內(nèi)核”位置。具體而言,“外殼”部分主要表現(xiàn)為相互平行的微晶,代表著基本碳粒子的有序性;“內(nèi)核”部分則表現(xiàn)為不規(guī)則分布的微晶,代表著基本碳粒子的無序性。由圖3可知,燃用不同燃料時顆粒物的基本碳粒子均存在部分石墨化和部分無序性。在高分辨率下,同樣可以看出燃用純柴油時的基本碳粒子直徑大于燃用混合燃料時的基本碳粒子直徑。對比可知,燃用純柴油時,“外殼”的微晶層狀分布較為明顯,且與“內(nèi)核”不定型結(jié)構(gòu)間界限清晰。但隨著正戊醇摻混比的增大,基本碳粒子納觀結(jié)構(gòu)的殼核界限逐漸模糊,微晶分布更趨于無序化。

圖3 不同燃料燃燒顆粒物的基本碳粒子納觀形貌
圖4給出了燃用不同燃料時顆粒物的微晶長度圖4a和微晶曲率圖4b的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果。由圖4可知,隨著正戊醇摻混比例的增加,基本碳粒子的微晶長度減小而微晶曲率增加。具體地,當(dāng)正戊醇摻混比例為15%和30%時,微晶平均長度分別減小了0.025和0.051 nm。顆粒物基本碳粒子微晶長度的減少,說明微晶中位于碳層內(nèi)部的碳原子減少而位于碳層邊緣的碳原子增多[16]。同時,當(dāng)正戊醇摻混比例為15%和30%時,基本碳粒子的微晶曲率平均值分別增加了2.35%和2.73%。與微晶長度類似,微晶曲率的增加,表明微晶中位于碳層內(nèi)部的碳原子缺失程度增加[17]。

圖4 不同燃料燃燒顆粒物的納觀結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)
綜合以上納觀結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的分析結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)柴油摻混正戊醇后,顆粒物基本碳粒子的微晶長度減少,伴隨著微晶曲率增加,表明顆粒物的納觀結(jié)構(gòu)更加無序,且無序化程度隨正戊醇摻混比例的增加而增加。類似地,Lapuerta等[18]也發(fā)現(xiàn),柴油摻混正丁醇后,顆粒物基本碳粒子的微晶長度減少而曲率增加。分析認(rèn)為,由于正戊醇的十六烷值較柴油低且蒸發(fā)潛熱較柴油大,導(dǎo)致混合燃料的著火滯燃期延長且擴(kuò)散燃燒持續(xù)時間縮短[5]。一方面,較長的著火滯燃期為燃料和空氣提供更長的混合時間,同時結(jié)合其含氧特性的作用改善了缸內(nèi)局部富油區(qū);另一方面,混合燃料的擴(kuò)散燃燒持續(xù)期縮短減少了顆粒物生成的持續(xù)時間。兩方面因素降低了顆粒物的生成和碳化速率,使得顆粒物的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)更趨于無序化分布。
圖5分別給出了不同燃料燃燒顆粒物的一階拉曼光譜及其分峰擬合曲線。
由圖5可知,3種燃料的原始一階光譜曲線趨勢一致。本文采用分峰后A1/A的比值,表征排氣顆粒物的石墨化程度[19],如圖6所示。A1與A分別源于石墨層活性位點(diǎn)和有序石墨碳,因此A1/A代表石墨碳層的有序化程度。

注:AD1和AG分別表示圖5中拉曼分峰曲線D1和G與直線y=0圍成的面積,下同。
由圖6可知,柴油燃燒顆粒物的A1/A最小,即微粒中位于活性位點(diǎn)的碳原子比例最小,說明柴油碳煙微粒更趨于石墨化。這與HRTEM結(jié)果中,柴油碳煙微粒的納觀結(jié)構(gòu)更趨于有序化分布一致。反之,DP30顆粒物的A1/A最大,對應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)更趨于無序。正如2.2小節(jié)中所述,摻混正戊醇后燃燒顆粒物的結(jié)構(gòu)更趨于無序,這主要?dú)w因于正戊醇摻混后對混合燃料中多環(huán)芳香烴的稀釋效應(yīng)和正戊醇含氧特性對顆粒物生成過程的影響。
圖7給出了顆粒物質(zhì)量損失隨溫度升高的變化曲線。由圖7可以看出,D100、DP15和DP30 3種樣品在150 ℃之前幾乎都沒有質(zhì)量下降;而在200~300和450~600 ℃之間有2個很明顯的失質(zhì)量區(qū),分別對應(yīng)揮發(fā)性有機(jī)成分的氧化與揮發(fā),以及碳煙的氧化;當(dāng)所有樣品超過650 ℃時,質(zhì)量基本不再變化。由圖7還可知,D100和DP15的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)成分差別不大,而DP30的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)成分明顯較前二者多。
為表征顆粒物的氧化活性,圖8給出了不同燃料燃燒顆粒物的氧化溫度。由圖8可知,隨著正戊醇摻混比例的增加,D100、DP15和DP30顆粒物的氧化溫度逐漸降低,依次為:616.9、609.9和583.6 ℃,對應(yīng)的氧化活性逐漸升高。

圖7 不同燃料燃燒顆粒物的熱重曲線

圖8 不同燃料燃燒顆粒物的氧化溫度
大量研究表明,顆粒物的氧化活性取決于顆粒物的納觀結(jié)構(gòu)、化學(xué)組成等性質(zhì)[13,17,20]。圖9給出了D100、DP15和DP30 3種顆粒物樣品氧化活性與形貌、納觀結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系。由圖9 a可知,隨著摻混比例增加,基本碳粒子直徑減小,氧化溫度降低,對應(yīng)氧化活性升高。由圖9 b可知,隨著摻混比例增加,微晶長度減小且微晶曲率升高,即基本碳粒子納觀結(jié)構(gòu)無序化程度增加,對應(yīng)氧化溫度降低,氧化活性升高。分析認(rèn)為,微晶長度減小,即小尺寸碳層增加,增加了碳層邊緣碳原子數(shù)量;由于位于碳層邊緣的碳原子的活性較碳層內(nèi)部的碳原子活性高[21],因而增加了顆粒物的氧化活性。同時,混合燃料微晶曲率的增加也表明碳層內(nèi)奇數(shù)環(huán)增多且sp2/sp3雜化率增加,而奇數(shù)環(huán)和sp3雜化碳原子結(jié)構(gòu)的增加則表示該結(jié)構(gòu)氧化活性增加[22]。圖9 c也表明,隨著正戊醇摻混比例的增加,A1/A比逐漸升高,對應(yīng)顆粒物石墨化程度降低,氧化活性升高。

圖9 顆粒物氧化溫度與形貌結(jié)構(gòu)的相關(guān)性
本文在車用高壓共軌柴油機(jī)上,研究了正戊醇摻混比對柴油機(jī)燃燒微粒氧化活性與微觀形貌結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,得到以下結(jié)論:
1)隨著正戊醇摻混比例的增加,混合燃料燃燒生成的顆粒物的基本碳粒子直徑減小,微晶長度減小但微晶曲率增加,這表明顆粒物的納觀結(jié)構(gòu)更趨于無序。
2)通過拉曼光譜分析得出,隨著正戊醇摻混比的增加,混合燃料燃燒顆粒物A1/A增加,表明顆粒物的石墨化程度降低
3)隨著正戊醇摻混比例的增加,混合燃料燃燒顆粒物的氧化溫度降低,對應(yīng)氧化活性增加。這與其更為無序的納觀結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)。因此燃用柴油/正戊醇混合燃料可以影響柴油機(jī)DPF的再生性能,且燃用混合燃料時,DPF需要的再生溫度降低。
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Morphology and oxidation reactivity of exhaust particles from diesel engine fueled by N-pentanol-diesel blend
Wang Ying, Wang Peng, Wang Xiaochen
(,710049,)
The exhaust particles from diesel engine can be reduced by mixing diesel with n-pentanol, however, the effect of n-pentanol blending fuels on the oxidation reactivity and morphology of diesel exhaust particulates has not been well understood. Therefore, this paper aims to design an experiment and then solve this problem. Experiments were conducted in a high pressure common-rail diesel engine, and three fuels were selected, including pure diesel, DP15 (15% n-pentanol +85% diesel, by vol.), and DP30 (30% n-pentanol +70% diesel, by vol.). In this work, the engine speed and torque were set at 2000 r/min and 0.59MPa, respectively. Tests were performed without any engine modification, but only with fuels change. In the test, the particulate samples were collected from the exhaust pipe of the engine through a vacuum pump, then the particulate matter (PM) characteristics were analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results showed that the morphologies of soot particles from three fuels were similar. Soot aggregates with numbers of primary particles were observed at low magnification, while a typical “shell-core” nanostructure was presented at high magnification. The “shell” part is mainly composed of parallel microcrystals, representing the order of basic carbon particles, while the “core” part consists of irregular microcrystals, indicating the disorder of basic carbon particles. With the increase in n-pentanol blending ratio, the oxidation process of soot was promoted due to the oxygen content of n-pentanol, while the mixing of n-pentanol reduced the generation of soot precursor, such as pyrene, and thereby the surface growth of soot decreases. Therefore, the primary particle diameters of soot samples slightly decreased from 21.813 nm to 20.030 nm. Meanwhile, as the n-pentanol blending ratio increased, the fringe length of soot samples decreased 0.025 and 0.051 nm, while the fringe tortuosity increased slightly. The decrease of fringe length and the increase of fringe tortuosity indicated that the nanostructure of particles was much more disordered. Results from TEM images demonstrated that there was less graphitic structure in soot samples emitted from blended fuels. Similar to the results obtained from TEM, a higher AD1/AGwas also observed for blended fuels than others. Since the AD1/AGis an important parameter to characterize the graphitization degree of exhaust particles, the graphitization degree of particles is higher when the value ofA1/Ais smaller. Therefore, the soot samples from diesel/n-pentanol mixtures showed smaller primary particles in size, and more disorder nanostructure. Meanwhile, the oxidation temperature of the particulate samples (616.9 ℃ in pure diesel, 609.9 ℃ in DP15, and 583.6 ℃ in DP30) decreased with the increase of n-pentanol ratio. There was much higher oxidation reactivity in the exhaust particles from blended fuels than others. The correlation analysis between the oxidation activity and morphology showed that the high oxidation activity of particulate samples in the mixed fuel was related to the disordered nanostructure. Finally, the oxidation activity and diesel fuel increased in the exhaust particles that formed by the mixtures of n-pentanol. This finding demonstrates that the blended fuels in the engine can be used to improve the regeneration performance of DPF, and further reduce the required regeneration temperature.
diesel engine; n-pentanol; particulates; nanostructure; oxidation reactivity
汪映,王鵬,王小琛. 正戊醇-柴油混合燃料發(fā)動機(jī)顆粒物的形貌結(jié)構(gòu)與氧化活性研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2020,36(8):48-53.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.08.006 http://www.tcsae.org
Wang Ying, Wang Peng, Wang Xiaochen. Morphology and oxidation reactivity of exhaust particles from diesel engine fueled by N-pentanol-diesel blend[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(8): 48-53. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.08.006 http://www.tcsae.org
2019-12-12
2020-03-05
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(51776162);陜西省自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃(2020JM-044)
汪映,教授,主要從事內(nèi)燃機(jī)清潔燃燒與排放控制研究。Email:yingw@mail.xjtu.edu.cn
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.08.006
TK464
A
1002-6819(2020)-08-0048-06