朱明明 李占全 崔森
摘要:乳腺癌是發生在乳腺腺上皮組織的惡性腫瘤,早期癥狀多不明顯,晚期可發生癌細胞遠處轉移,出現全身多器官病變,增加臨床治療難度,嚴重影響患者生活質量和生命安全。目前,乳腺癌的發病機制尚不明確,研究乳腺癌的發生、發展,尤其是轉移相關的調控機制對乳腺癌的治療具有重要意義。近年來研究表明MMP-9相關信號通路與乳腺癌的發生發展密切相關。本文就MMP-9的結構與生物學功能及其介導的乳腺癌侵襲及轉移機制與預后作一綜述,以期為臨床治療提供參考。
關鍵詞:MMP-9;乳腺癌;信號通路
中圖分類號:R737.9? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.13.007
文章編號:1006-1959(2020)13-0022-04
Mechanism of MMP-9 Signaling Pathway Regulating Breast Cancer Development
ZHU Ming-ming1,2,LI Zhan-quan1,2,CUI Sen1,2
(1.Plateau Medical Research Center,Medical College of Qinghai University,Xining 810001,Qinghai,China;
2.Department of Hematology,the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University,Xining 810001,Qinghai,China)
Abstract:Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissue of the breast gland. The early symptoms are mostly insignificant. In the late stage, cancer cells can metastasize to a distant location, and there are multiple organ lesions throughout the body. This increases the difficulty of clinical treatment and seriously affects the quality of life and safety of patients. At present, the pathogenesis of breast cancer is not yet clear. It is of great significance to study the occurrence and development of breast cancer, especially the metabolic regulation mechanism for the treatment of breast cancer. Recent studies have shown that MMP-9-related signaling pathways are closely related to the occurrence and development of breast cancer. This article reviews the structure and biological function of MMP-9 and the mechanisms and prognosis of breast cancer invasion and metastasis mediated by it, in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment.
Key words:MMP-9;Breast cancer;Signaling pathway
乳腺癌(breast cancer)作為目前全球發病率最高的腫瘤之一,其發病率逐年增高,嚴重威脅女性健康及生活質量。乳腺癌晚期易發生侵襲或轉移,是乳腺癌治療的難題[1]。目前,關于乳腺癌轉移機制的尚未達成統一共識,近年來研究表明,腫瘤細胞周圍的ECM降解是癌細胞發生浸潤的必要步驟,而MMPs是導致細胞外基質(extracellular matrix,ECM)包括基底膜降解的重要酶類之一。有研究表明[1-3],MMP-9的多信號通路與乳腺癌侵襲和轉移密切相關,其可通過降解ECM,破壞細胞粘附分子的正常組織結構,聯合其它相關的酶降解血管周圍的基質,誘導腫瘤轉移。本文就MMP-9的結構與生物學功能及其與乳腺癌侵襲與轉移機制作一綜述,以期為我國乳腺癌的研究提供借鑒和參考,為其進一步干預治療提供理論依據。
1 MMP-9的結構與生物學功能
基質金屬蛋白酶(matrix metal proteinases,MMPs)是一組具有許多共同生化性質的可降解細胞外基質的鋅依賴蛋白內切酶家族,近年來研究較多的是MMP-9。MMP-9屬于明膠酶類B,又稱Ⅳ型膠原酶,是基質金屬蛋白酶家族中的重要成員,其分子質量是92 kDa,分別由催化區、前肽區和C-結構域組成。同時,MMPs也是一組含有Zn2+能夠降解絕大多數ECM的肽鏈內切酶,通常在中性條件下發揮活性,有Ca2+參與時,其活性最大。MMP-9激活后可能夠特異地水解ECM和基底膜(basal membrane,BM)的化學成分Ⅳ型膠原、Ⅴ型膠原、黏連蛋白等,可由中性粒細胞、血管內皮細胞、單核巨噬細胞、平滑肌細胞、成纖維細胞等分泌[4,5]。MMP-9主要作用是在生理pH值下,在金屬鋅離子作用下,結合基底膜的大分子物質并破壞明膠,從而參與細胞外基質的降解與重建。在正常生理情況下,其能夠切斷細胞外基質成分,調節細胞間粘附并作用于細胞外成分或其它蛋白成分而啟動潛在生物學功能,直接或間接參與胚胎發育、組織重塑、創傷愈合和血管增生等生理學過程。同時,MMP-9激活后可降解基底膜的Ⅳ型膠原蛋白,刺激腫瘤內部新生血管形成,增加腫瘤的營養供給;同時,其可增加腫瘤細胞間及與宿主細胞間的黏附方便轉移,導致乳腺癌的進一步演變進化,發生侵襲和轉移[4-7]。
2 MMP-9介導的乳腺癌侵襲及轉移機制
有研究表明[11],MMP-9對于乳腺癌進展是至關重要的,該因子從多方面、多層次參與乳腺癌進展的機制及通路調控,主要由其生物學特性決定:一方面,由于Ⅳ型膠原蛋白是血管基底膜的主要成分,MMP-9可通過降解Ⅳ型膠原蛋白,造成血管基底膜結構破壞,進而破壞腫瘤周圍組織,以增加腫瘤侵犯的風險,這通常是入侵和轉移的初步步驟;另一方面,該因子另一生物學功能是促進血管生成,進一步加重乳腺癌的血行轉移,從而導致腫瘤的進展[8-10]。
2.1 Ets-1? Ets轉錄因子家族含有一個高度保守的DNA結合結構域,可以識別特異性的螺旋-轉角-螺旋基序DNA結合元件,而Ets-1作為Ets轉錄因子家族的重要成員,又稱為Ets結合位點,以GGAA/T共有序列為核心模體,定位于人類11號染色體,主要表現為轉錄激活因子或阻遏,并在腫瘤發生過程中起著至關重要的作用[12,13]。此外,Ets-1參與腫瘤細胞的分化、增殖、遷移和凋亡等不同的生理過程,研究發現[14,15],Ets-1與乳腺癌腫瘤進展密切相關,其通過調控下游靶基因基質金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)的過表達,從而引起癌癥的多種侵襲性病理改變。也有研究表明[16],Ets-1轉錄因子直接結合MMP-9啟動子發揮致癌作用,在乳腺癌細胞系中轉染Ets-1 siRNA可導致Ets-1和MMP-9下調,Ets-1被敲除后反而增加了乳腺癌細胞侵襲性。此外,該研究也指出MMP-9基因依賴Ets-1調控,主要是由于MMP-9基因啟動子具有一個與Ets-1轉錄因子結合的位點,該位點可能與EMT標記一起直接反激活Ets-1,進而導致癌細胞侵襲性和轉移性增強,最終參與了乳腺癌的侵襲和轉移有關。總之,這些發現提示了Ets-1依賴于MMP-9基因的調控作用,對乳腺癌的發生發展有重要影響,且其與MMP-9的生物學功能有關,通過促進血管生成及基膜降解,進一步加重腫瘤的侵襲。
2.2 TGF-β/SMAD信號通路? 轉化生長因子β(transforming growth factor,TGF-β)作為一種多功能的細胞因子超家族,TGF-β的活化為其發揮作用的首要前提,該因子的激活由許多元素誘導,包括pH、活性氧、血小板反應蛋白-1、蛋白酶和金屬蛋白酶。已知MMP-9和MMP-2可通過裂解潛在的TGF-β的結構,進而促進TGF-β活化,而活化的TGF-β與其他因子形成絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶復合物,該復合物與TGF-β受體結合,進一步激活下游底物和蛋白的表達,誘導轉錄各種靶基因參與細胞分化、增殖,該調控過程與SMAD和DAXX途徑的密切相關[17]。有研究表明[18],由于TGF-β/SMAD信號傳導的激活,引起TGF-β以及SMAD4,SMAD2/3和磷酸化SMAD2的水平均明顯增加,進一步激活MMP-9過表達,其表達水平與乳腺惡性腫瘤細胞的惡性程度呈正比;且在乳腺癌組織中發現MMP-9和TGF-β強信號,并顯著增加癌細胞惡性程度,包括癌細胞集落形成和遷移。Dong H等[19]研究表明,在應用MMP-9和TGF-β特異性抑制劑后,可明顯抑制SMAD信號的激活及MMP-9的過表達,顯著降低了乳腺癌細胞系的侵襲性。總之,乳腺癌細胞的轉移和侵襲與MMP-9的表達密切相關,推測其主要與MMP-9的生物學功能密切相關,一方面MMP-9過表達促進血管生成,導致乳腺癌的血行播散增加,另一方面,MMP-9過表達直接導致基膜的降解增加,進一步加重癌細胞向周圍組織的破壞和侵犯。
2.3 PI3K/AKT/NFKB/MMP-9信號通路? PI3K/AKT是腫瘤侵襲的主要途徑[20]。在乳腺癌中,PI3K/AKT通路發生磷酸化后通過核易位和亞基轉錄兩種形式激活NFκB的表達,NFκB進一步促進介導MMP-9的激活,促進癌細胞粘附、分化和生長,最終導致腫瘤細胞侵襲、轉移[21,22]。此外,MMP-9啟動子區域具有順式調節元件,該位點可以與NFκB結合,負反饋調控NFκB的激活,因此,NFκB介導MMP-9與乳腺癌發展密切相關。有研究表明[22],經抑制PI3K/AKT磷酸化處理后,NFκB活化受抑,其介導的MMP-9表達下降,最終抑制MMP-9介導的MDA-MB-231人乳腺癌細胞侵襲性增強,最終增加乳腺癌的侵襲和轉移。目前研究認為,MMP-9經PI3K/AKT/NFκB信號通路調控高表達與增加乳腺癌細胞的轉移和侵襲。
2.4 EGFR/STAT3/Akt/MMP-9信號通路? 表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR),是一種跨膜糖蛋白,通過與表皮生長因子(EGF)形成激酶活性同源二聚體或異二聚體,進一步促進EGFR磷酸化,誘導下游信號轉導和轉錄激活子(signal transducer and activator of transcription3,STAT3)發生磷酸化,進一步激活AKT磷酸化,激發的下游靶基因MMP-9呈高表達,導致促進細胞增殖,從而加速侵襲和血管生成[23]。有研究表明[24],阻斷EGFR磷酸化后,STAT3磷酸化受到抑制,磷酸化的AKT水平下降,其下游MMP-9表達降低,導致乳腺癌細胞侵襲性及轉移受抑。由此可見,EGFR/STAT3/AKT/MMP-9信號通路參與了乳腺癌進展的過程。
3 MMP-9 與乳腺癌預后
MMP-9在腫瘤中起發揮重要作用,其過度表達促進腫瘤進展和轉移,與乳腺癌的預后密切相關[25]。有研究表明[26,27],MMP-9的高表達與具有侵襲性和轉移性乳腺癌發生發展密切相關,是乳腺癌預后不良基因之一,并通過入侵、誘導血管生成和免疫調節與腫瘤相關的微環境,以增加乳腺癌的侵襲性、轉移和預后不良[28]。此外,血清和尿液中MMP-9高表達與其在乳腺癌轉移和預后中的關聯極為密切[29]。研究提出[30,31],MMP-9通過破壞基底結構的能力膜,脫離原發腫瘤,侵入局部組織,進而參與乳腺癌的發生發展;且其與淋巴結轉移、組織學分級和遠處轉移密切相關,在淋巴結陰性的乳腺癌患者中具有重要的預后價值。
4總結
MMP-9作為乳腺癌重要基質金屬蛋白酶,可通過參與并調控多信號通路增加乳腺癌的侵襲與轉移。在腫瘤局部缺氧條件下,MMP-9參與并促進血管生成,增加腫瘤的血行播散及轉移;在低氧腫瘤細胞培養過程中,該因子的分泌增加引起微血管增生,進一步促進腫瘤的侵襲。目前對于MMP-9在乳腺癌侵襲與轉移的機制研究有限,尚未形成統一定論,而了解MMP-9在乳腺癌中具體調控機制,有利于對乳腺癌臨床預后評估指標,并有助乳腺癌患者的靶向治療和生存率提高帶來希望。
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收稿日期:2020-04-09;修回日期:2020-04-24
編輯/王海靜
基金項目:1.青海省衛生計生委一般指導性課題項目(編號:2018-wjzdx-121);2.青海省科技廳應用基礎研究項目(編號:2019-ZJ-7081)
作者簡介:朱明明(1989.7-),女,河南禹州人,博士研究生,住院醫師,主要從事血液病、腫瘤性疾病的相關研究
通訊作者:李占全(1962.6-),男,青海西寧人,碩士,博士生導師,主任醫師,主要從事高原病、血液腫瘤病的相關研究