定語從句“五基”教學法

郝昌明

定語從句是高考英語最重要、考查最多的語法項目之一。多年來，筆者采用“五基”教學法，引導學生掌握定語從句用法，取得了良好的教學效果。

一、理解基本概念

（一）定語從句：在主從復合句中修飾某一名詞、代詞或修飾整個主句的從句叫定語從句。

（二）先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。

（三）關系代詞/副詞：連接先行詞和定語從句的詞叫關系詞，根據(jù)其在從句中的作用分為關系代詞和關系副詞。若先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語和定語等代詞性功能，應當用關系代詞引導定語從句;若先行詞在從句中作時間狀語、地點狀語和原因狀語等副詞性功能，應當用關系副詞引導定語從句。常見的關系代詞有who， whom， whose， which， that， as;常見的關系副詞有when， where， why。

二、引導學生熟悉基本用法

（一）關系代詞基本用法（參看下表）：

注意：

1. 先行詞在從句中作賓語時可用who代替whom。

Here is a girl who / whom I taught long ago.

2. 關系代詞whom / which 均可作介詞賓語，介詞的位置可以放在從句中不及物動詞后，也可將介詞前置構(gòu)成介詞 + whom / which引導定語從句。

This is the girl （whom） I talked to yesterday.

This is the girl to whom I talked yesterday.

This is the book （which） he referred to then.

This is the book to which he referred then.

但下列情況下介詞不能提前：

（1）用who代替whom， that代替which時介詞不能提前。

誤：He is the boy from who I learned to play volleyball.

誤：Here is the parcel to that he sent Tom.

（2）當whom， which省去時介詞不能提前。

誤：Is he the boy with you went there？

誤：This is the room in he lived.

（3）當whom， which作為含有介詞的短語動詞的賓語時，介詞不能拆開提前。

誤：Youre the very man for whom Im looking.

誤：This is the program to which he listened.

3. 先行詞指物時，關系代詞that和which可通用。但下列情況下只能用that，不能用which引導定語從句：

（1）先行詞為everything， anything， nothing時。

Everything that can be done has been done.

（2）先行詞為序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞加以修飾時。

This is the first American film that Ive ever seen.

（3）先行詞為最高級或被最高級加以修飾時。

Is this the best book that youve ever read？

（4）先行詞被all， little， much， some， any， no， every等詞修飾時。

There is little work that I can do.

（5）先行詞為all， little， much等詞時。

All that can be done will be done.

（6）先行詞被the only， the very， the same， the last等詞修飾時。

This is the only book that I want to read.

（7）先行詞既指人又指物時。

They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.

（8）當主句為以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時。

Who is the person that is standing there？

Which of us that knows something about physics doesnt know this？

（9）若有兩個定語從句，一個用which引導，另一個用須用that引導。

He bought a book which could give him knowledge and that could help to kill the time.

但下列情況下只能用which，不能用that引導定語從句：

（1）非限制性定語從句中。

He lives in Beijing， which is the capital of China.

（2）若有兩個定語從句，一個用that，另一個須用which。

The book that he bought yesterday was the one which he liked best.

4. as也可作為關系代詞引導定語從句

（1）用于the same…as…， such…as…， as…as…， so…as等結(jié)構(gòu)中，常采用省略形式。此時as代表主句中用形容詞the same， such或由副詞as， so開始的整個名詞短語，關系代詞as在定語從句中作主語或賓語。

Here are such books as are helpful to you.

This is the same pen as I bought yesterday.

（2）引導屬于附加說明性質(zhì)的定語從句，先行詞代表整個主句的內(nèi)容，as從句常用逗號與主句隔開，as在從句中可作主語或賓語。

As we all know， Taiwan is a part of China. （As在從句中作賓語）

Taiwan is a part of China， as is known to all.（as在從句中作主語）

（二）關系副詞基本用法（參看下表）：

注意：先行詞雖表示時間、地點、原因，但在定語從句中不作時間、地點和原因狀語而作主語或賓語，屬于關系代詞范疇，應當用關系代詞that或which引導定語從句。

I regret the days （that / which） I wasted in the woods.

Ill never forget 1976 which / that was full of sadness.

This is the factory that / which produces cars.

This is the factory （that / which） he visited yesterday.

This is the reason that / which is unreasonable.

This is the reason （that / which） he raised.

三、了解基本題型，掌握基本方法

所有定語從句的試題都可分成兩種基本題型，它們有各自的解題方法。

（一）基本題型一及解題方法

基本題型一：先行詞+關系詞直接引導定語從句

解題方法：唯成分論

說明：用什么關系詞直接引導定語從句，唯一取決于先行詞在從句中的作用，即取決于先行詞在從句中作什么成分。

例1：He passed the most difficult exam， __________ pleased his parents very much.

A. who ? B. which C. this ? ?D. what

析：B。先行詞為整個主句，在從句中作主語，所以應使用關系代詞。但that不能引導非限制性定語從句，所以只能使用which。

例2：The old man often returns to the small town __________ he grew up as a child.

A. which ? B. where C. that? ? ?D. when

析：B。先行詞the small town表地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語，所以應使用關系副詞where。

區(qū)別：This is the small town __________ is often praised.

A. which ? B. where C. when ? ?D. who

析：A。先行詞the small town仍表地點，但在從句中作主語，屬關系代詞范疇。

例3：I regret the days __________ I stayed in Beijing.

A. which ? B. when C. where ? ?D. that

析：B。先行詞the days表時間， 在從句中作時間狀語，屬關系副詞范疇。

區(qū)別于：I regret the days __________ I wasted in Beijing.

A. which B. when C. where ? ?D. who

析：A。先行詞the days仍表時間， 但在從句中作賓語，屬關系代詞范疇。

（二）基本題型二及解題方法

基本題型二：先行詞+特定詞匯+關系代詞which / whom引導定語從句

特定詞匯通常為：

⒈介詞（包括復雜介詞），⒉數(shù)詞（包括不定量數(shù)詞）+ of，⒊其他詞匯（表所屬關系）+of。

解題方法：定語從句與先行詞聯(lián)系論

說明：要找出用什么特定詞匯引導定語從句，方法是將定語從句和先行詞聯(lián)成一個完整的句子，此時缺什么詞，特定詞匯就由什么詞擔任。

例1：In the new class， she couldnt find a single person __________ she could turn for help.

A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom

析：D。根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞聯(lián)系論，可得到這樣一個句子：She could turn to the single person for help.顯然，該句缺介詞to，因此應當用to whom（其先行詞指人）引導定語從句。

例2：There are eight trees in my yard， most of __________ are very tall.

A. these B. those ? C. that D. which

析：D。根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞聯(lián)系論，可得到這樣一個句子：Most of the eight trees are very tall. most of which 正體現(xiàn)了不定量數(shù)詞+of which引導定語從句的特點。

例3：I had many friends， the tallest of __________ is Li Ping.

A. who B. whom ? C. that D. which

析：B。因為根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞聯(lián)系論，可得到這樣一個句子：The tallest of the many friends is Li Ping.因此the tallest of whom正體現(xiàn)了其他詞（表所屬關系）+of whom引導定語從句的特點。

注意上述特定詞匯前不能加and，but等連詞，否則就不能使用定語從句，而應將whom，which 改成them。如：

I have many friends and the tallest of __________ is LiPing.

A. who B. whom ? ?C. them ? D. which

析：C。因為特定詞匯the tallest前面有連詞and，所以不能使用定語從句。

四、厘清基本關系

（一）內(nèi)部關系

1. 關系代詞與關系代詞轉(zhuǎn)換

whose + n = the + n + of whom / which

This is the boy whose parents / the parents of whom are party members.

2. 關系副詞與關系代詞轉(zhuǎn)換

（1）where = in / on which

This is the room where / in which he lives.

（2）when = on / in / at which

I still remember the year when / in which I joined the Party.

（3）why = for which

This is the reason why / for which he was killed.

（二）外部關系

定語從句可與主語、賓語、表語或狀語從句互換。

1. 定從與主從轉(zhuǎn)換：（The place） where he lives in unknown to me.

2. 定從與賓從轉(zhuǎn)換：I dont know （the place） where the soil is rich.

3. 定從與表從轉(zhuǎn)換：This is （the place） where he lives.

4. 定從與狀從轉(zhuǎn)換：Ill go （to the place） where you go.

五、了解基本規(guī)律

（一）因先行詞在從句中充當成分，定語從句中不能出現(xiàn)代替先行詞的詞。

誤：This is the book which he lost it yesterday.（應去it）

（二）定語從句中不能缺少先行詞。

Is this factory the one you visited？（the one不能省，也不能換成which或that）

（三）定語從句中不能缺少關系詞。

誤：The students study very hard are good students.（study前應加who或that）

責任編輯 張艷珺