過去分詞做定語、表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語

馮強(qiáng)

一、 過去分詞做定語

過去分詞做定語所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前已完成，而且與它所修飾的名詞或代詞在邏輯上為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，即被過去分詞所修飾的名詞或代詞是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。例如：

In the process of the competition， you should pay attention to the rules made by us.

Tsinghua University， founded in 1911， is home to a great number of outstanding figures.

We saw an abandoned farm in the distance.

Finally the woman found her lost child with the help of the police.

The professor， known as a splendid speaker， was warmly received by the students.

It was in his childhood that he read most of the books written by Mark Twain.

The tall building completed last month is our new classroom building.

二、 過去分詞做表語

過去分詞做表語時(shí)，說明主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或特征。過去分詞與其邏輯主語之間表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所表示動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前或同時(shí)發(fā)生。常用作表語的過去分詞有amazed， amused， astonished， complicated， confused， contented， discouraged， delighted， distinguished， excited， exhausted， experienced， frightened， hurt， injured， interested， pleased， puzzled， qualified， satisfied， surprised， tired， married， worried， wounded等。例如：

On hearing the good news that our new products sold well in the market， we all got excited.

John's performance in this exam made us feel rather disappointed.

When we got there， the shop was closed.

【拓展】 “情感類”分詞形容詞在做定語或表語時(shí)的用法區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞常用來修飾事物，表示被修飾的詞本身具有的性質(zhì)，常譯為“令人……的”;而過去分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞常用來修飾人，常譯為“（人）感到……的”。例如：

It is far more interesting for me to chat online with friends than to watch TV. （對(duì)我來說，在網(wǎng)上和朋友聊天要比看電視有趣得多。）

I thought she might be interested in Paula's proposal. （我覺得她可能會(huì)對(duì)葆拉的提議感興趣。）

The lecture was so boring that many of the students in the classroom fell asleep. （這個(gè)演講非常乏味，以致教室里的很多學(xué)生都睡著了。）

The children quickly got bored with staying indoors. （孩子們在屋子里很快就待不住了。）

三、 過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語

過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，邏輯主語是其前面的賓語，表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)或完成的動(dòng)作。過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語考查的重點(diǎn)是have/get... sth. done， make oneself heard/known/ understood等。過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，從邏輯上應(yīng)抓住賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語之間的語態(tài)關(guān)系，即二者之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，賓語是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。

常用過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有have， make， get， find， see， notice， watch， hear， feel， want， like等。例如：

He raised his voice to make himself heard.

He found all the deaths linked to the polluted water.

The scientists wanted to keep people informed about the breakthrough in their experiment.

【拓展】 現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生， 與其邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。常見動(dòng)詞有see， watch， hear， observe， notice， feel， find， glimpse， glance等感官動(dòng)詞和look at， listen to等短語動(dòng)詞以及have， keep， get， catch， leave， set， start， send等;過去分詞與其邏輯主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所表示的動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前或同時(shí)發(fā)生。常見動(dòng)詞有allow， ask， consider， desire， expect， feel， find， get， have， hear， imagine， keep， like， make， observe， order， permit， prefer， remember， request， require， see， urge等。例如：

He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. （他昨天把牙拔了。）

I was almost asleep last night when I suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.（昨天晚上我快睡著的時(shí)候突然聽到有人在敲門。）

The policeman kept his eyes fixed on the screen of the computer to identify the criminal's footprints. （警察眼睛盯著電腦屏幕以辨認(rèn)罪犯的腳印。）

She looked at him waiting there. （她看著他等在那里。）

I'll still be unable to make myself understood in the discussion， which worries me a lot. （在討論中我仍然不能讓大家明白我的意思，這讓我很焦急。）

When he was in hospital， the nurse had his temperature taken every four hours. （在他住院時(shí)，每隔四個(gè)小時(shí)護(hù)士給他量一次體溫。）

I could feel the wind blowing on my face. （我能感覺到風(fēng)吹著我的臉。）