張純禹 朱天魁 周毅 黃日聰 姜文超



摘要: 為評估全陶瓷微封裝(fully ceramic micro-encapsulated, FCM)核燃料的性能,研究由三層各向同性碳包覆(tri-structural isotropic, TRISO)燃料顆粒彌散于碳化硅(SiC)基體形成的柱狀芯塊的填充算法,開發相應的微觀結構生成程序,利用并行有限元法對FCM核燃料的熱-力耦合行為進行初步分析。結果表明,基于等球Packing的TRISO燃料顆粒填充算法可以快速生成高體積比的FCM燃料結構,基于共軛梯度迭代的隱式有限元法在求解大規模熱-力學耦合問題時具有較高的效率和穩健性。本文方法可用于該核燃料每個顆粒和基體內部溫度與應力分布的詳細計算。
關鍵詞: 全陶瓷微封裝; 核燃料; 顆粒填充; 熱-力耦合; 有限元
中圖分類號: TL352; TB115.1 ? 文獻標志碼: B
Abstract: To evaluate the performance of fully ceramic micro-encapsulated(FCM) nuclear fuel, the filling algorithm of the cylindrical pellet formed by dispersing tri-structural isotropic(TRISO) fuel particles into SiC matrix is studied. The corresponding micro-structure generation program is developed, and the thermal-mechanical coupling behavior of FCM nuclear fuel is analyzed by parallel finite element method. The results show that the micro-structure of the FCM fuel with high filling ratio can be quickly generated by the TRISO fuel particle filling algorithm based on sphere Packing, and the implicit finite element method based on conjugate gradient iteration has high efficiency and robustness in solving large-scale thermal-mechanical coupling problems. This method can be used to calculate the internal temperature and stress distribution of each particle and matrix of the nuclear fuel in detail.
Key words: fully ceramic micro-encapsulated; nuclear fuel; particle filling; thermal-mechanical coupling; finite element
0 引 言
耐事故燃料(accident tolerant fuel,ATF)是為提高反應堆安全性能而提出的新一代燃料概念。全陶瓷微封裝(fully ceramic micro-encapsulated, FCM)核燃料具有多重有效屏障,如三層各向同性碳包覆(tri-structural isotropic, TRISO)燃料顆粒和碳化硅(SiC)基體,可加強裂變產物的包容能力。SiC基體具有較好的輻照穩定性和較高的熱導率,在正常運行工況下具有良好的熱力學穩定性,因此FCM燃料是重要的ATF候選方案之一。[1]在結構形式上,FCM燃料芯塊(見圖1a)既與高溫氣冷堆燃料元件存在相似之處,即包含大量(約103個/芯塊)TRISO燃料顆粒(見圖1b),又具有輕水堆燃料芯塊的柱狀形式,即將TRISO燃料顆粒彌散于SiC基體形成柱狀芯塊。
典型FCM芯塊內燃料顆粒數量在8 000個左右,國外主流軟件如PARFUME(美國INL)[2]、PASTA(荷蘭Delft)和ATLAS(法國CEA)[3]等都基于一維球對稱假設針對單個燃料顆粒進行性能分析,極少數程序選取部分熱解碳包圍TRISO燃料顆粒的方式考慮基體的影響。……