王秀鳳
一、until的用法
until與延續性動詞連用時,動詞用肯定形式,表示“直到……為止”,指主句的動作一直持續到until后的動作發生為止;與短暫性動詞連用時,動詞須用否定形式,意為“直到……才……”,指主句的動作一直到until后的動作發生時才發生。
1. 作介詞,表示“直到……為止”。
I waited until 3:00, but he didn't come. 我一直等到3點,但他沒來。
—Jack didn't go to bed ___ 12 o'clock last night.
—That's why he was late for school this morning.
A. until B. for C. to D. at
【解析】 A。句意:——杰克昨晚直到十二點才睡。——這就是他今早遲到的原因。not... until為固定搭配,意為“直到……才”。
2. 作連詞,表示“直到……為止;在……以前;不到……(不)”。
① 用于肯定句中。
Please wait here until I come. 請在這里等到我來。
② 用于否定句中。
The noise of the street didn't stop until midnight. 街上的喧鬧聲一直到半夜才停止。
She didn't leave the school ___ she worked out this problem.
A. as long as B. until C. since D. while
【解析】 B。句意“直到解決了這個問題她才離開學校”。as long as只要(引導條件狀語從句);until直到(引導時間狀語從句);since自從(引導時間狀語從句);while當……時候(引導時間狀語從句)。根據句意,故選B。
We didn't cut the cake ___ Amy made a wish.
A. because B. until C. if
【解析】 B。because因為,until直到,if如果。根據句意“直到艾米許了個愿,我們才切蛋糕”可知,其它選項語意不通。
Helen was very rude to me. I refuse to speak to her again ___ she says sorry.
A. until ? ? ? ? B. if
C. because ? ? ? D. since
【解析】 A。句意:海倫對我粗魯,我拒絕跟她再次說話,直到她向我道歉為止。until意為“直到……才”,符合句意。if意為“如果”;because意為“因為”;since意為“自從:既然”。故選A。
二、so that的用法
1. so that意為“目的是/為的是/以便”,引導目的狀語從句,從句中通常含情態動詞can, may, might等。
He got up very early so that he could catch the early bus. 他起床很早,為的是能趕上早班公共汽車。
We should take care of the earth ___ we can make a better world to live in.
A. so that ?B. until ?C. even if ?D. while
【解析】 A。句意:我們應該關愛地球,為了我們能創造一個更美好的世界。so that 為了; until 直到;even if 即使;while 當……時候;根據We should take care of the earth 和we can make a better world to live in之間的關系是表示目的,故選A。
2. so that引導目的狀語從句,當主句主語與從句主語一致時,可用“so as to / in order to+動詞原形”轉化為簡單句。
He got up early so that he could catch the early bus. 為了趕早班公交車他起床很早。
=He got up early in order to / so as to catch the early bus.
3. so that還可以與in order that互換。