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賓語從句精講與跟蹤精練

2020-10-29 05:45:26孫惠琪
考試與評價·高一版 2020年2期

孫惠琪

一、賓語從句的引導詞問題

1. 賓語從句的引導詞可分為三類:

① 從屬連詞 that, whether, if,它們在從句中只起連接作用,不充當任何句子成分,whether與if常譯為“是否”。

② 連接代詞what, who, which, whose,這些詞在從句中除起連接作用外,還可充當主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分。

③ 連接副詞when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, whoever等。它們在從句中除起連接作用外,還在從句中充當狀語。

2. that與what的區別

由它們的分類可知,若從句中缺少主語、賓語、表語等成分,須用what,否則用that。如:

He told me what had happened just now. (what作主語)

I think that all the answers are correct. (that不作句子成分)

3. if和whether的區別

在賓語從句中,whether和if一般可以互換,但在下列情況下須用whether:

① 與or not連用時。如:

I don't know whether he has returned or not. 我不知道他是否回來。

② 從句作介詞的賓語時。如:

That depends on whether he would like to go with you. 這決定于他是否愿意和你一起去。

③ 作discuss等詞的賓語。如:

We discussed whether we should close the shop. 我們討論了是否關店的問題。

④ 從句放在主句之前時。如:

Whether he is a scientist, no one knows. 是否他是個科學家,沒有人知道。

二、賓語從句的語序問題

無論什么樣的賓語從句,從句中的語序都是陳述句形式的,即“主+謂”。即使特殊疑問詞作主語時,變成賓語從句后語序也不變化。如:

Do you know whose room this is? 你知道這是誰的房間嗎?

He wondered who had broken the glass. 他不知道誰打碎了玻璃。

He asked what was the matter. 他問發生了什么事。

三、賓語從句的時態問題

1. 主句如果是一般現在時,從句可根據需要使用各種時態。如:

I think (that) he was born in 1980. 我想他出生于1980年。

We agree that he has finished most of the work. 我們同意他已經完成了大部分的工作。

2. 主句如果是一般過去時,從句必須用相應的過去時態。如:

He said he had been to Guang Zhou twice. 他說他已經去過廣州兩次了。

The teacher asked which subject I liked best. 老師問我最喜歡哪一門課。

【注意】從句如果表達的是自然現象、客觀事實或真理、名言、諺語等時,盡管主句用一般過去時,從句也不受主語的限制而用一般現在時。如:

He said the earth goes round the sun. 他說地球繞著太陽轉。

四、賓語從句還要注意以下幾個方面:

1. 賓語從句的否定轉移

若主句中的謂語動詞是think, believe, suppose, guess等詞,主語為第一人稱,則從句中的否定詞要轉移到主句中來。如:

I don't think he stole the bike. 我認為他沒有偷自行車。

【注意】主語為第一人稱時,變成反意疑問句時附加問句要由從句來定,否則根據主句。如:

I think that he has done his best, hasn't he? 我認為他已經做到最好了,不是嗎?

2. 賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

① 當賓語從句的謂語是suggest (建議), request, insist, desire, demand, propose, order, command, arrange等表示建議、命令、堅持等的動詞時,從句中要用虛擬語氣,即“should+動詞原形”,should可以省略。如:

He suggested that we (should) start the work at once. 他建議我們立刻開始工作。

He ordered that all the lights (should) be turned off by 10:00 p.m. 他命令在晚上十點鐘所有的燈都要關掉。

② wish后面的賓語從句中,用一般過去時表示與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣;用情態動詞過去式表示與將來事實相反;用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反。如:

I wish I could fly to the moon one day. 我希望有一天能飛到月亮上去。

I wish I spoke English fluently. 多么希望我的英語能講得很流利啊!

I wish I hadn't wasted so much time. 我要是過去沒浪費那么多時間就好了。

五、賓語從句與簡單句的簡化

1. 改為不定式

① 改為“V + 不定式短語”。

當主句謂語動詞是hope, agree, choose, wish, decide, promise (許諾)等動詞,且主語和從句的主語相同時,可進行這種轉換。如:

He hopes that he can get a higher score this time.→He hopes to get a higher score this time. 他希望這次能得高一些的分數。

② 改為“疑問詞+不定式”結構。

當主句謂語動詞是ask, tell, forget, remember等動詞時,賓語從句可轉化成“疑問詞+不定式”結構。如:

I forgot how I opened that secret door.→I forgot how to open that secret door. 我忘了怎么打開那扇神秘的門。

③ 改為“it + 形容詞+不定式短語”。如:

I found that it was exciting to listen to his lecture.→I found it exciting to listen to his lecture. 我發現聽他的講座很令人興奮。

2. 改為“賓語+V-ing形式(作賓補)”。如:

Tom found that there was a girl singing in the next room.→Tom found a girl singing in the next room. 湯姆發現有個女孩在隔壁唱歌。

3. 改為名詞或名詞短語。如:

I'll take back what I said. → I'll take back my words. 我將收回我的話。

Could you tell us how we can get to the museum?→Could you tell us the way to the museum? 你能告訴我們去博物館的路嗎?

4. 改為V-ing形式。如:

I remember that I have bought her a present. →I remember buying her a present. 我記得給她買了一件禮物。

5. 改為過去分詞或過去分詞短語。如:

They noticed that someone has moved the stone.→They noticed the stone moved. 他們發現石頭被移動了。

【跟蹤精練】

I. 單句語法填空。

1. Scientists study ___ human brains work to make computers.

2. The villagers have already known ___ we'll do is to rebuild the bridge.

3. We haven't settled the question of ___ it is necessary for him to study abroad.

4. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know ___ lane he is entering.

5. I don't suppose anyone ___(volunteer), will they?

6. Teachers recommend parents ___ (allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.

7. —Where are the children? The dinner's going to be completely ruined.

—I wish they ___ (be) always late.

8. The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for ___ he could find about Mark Twain.

II. 把下列劃線的句子變成賓語從句。

The man sitting behind the desk told us that would be our substitute teacher (代課教師). Our science teacher was sick in hospital.

“(1) My name is Mr. Johnson. (2) I have written on the board. You don't call me Mr. history teacher. I want your help, (3) I will be your substitute teacher until your normal teacher is 100 percent well again. (4) I am going to know all of you. I am usually a history teacher. I want your help.”

I asked my classmate, (5) “How old is he? (6) Is he strict? (7) Dose he act strangely?

(8) Will he make long speeches?”

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