書面表達(dá)基本技巧

劉耀輝

寫好一篇書面表達(dá)，一個(gè)起關(guān)鍵作用的技巧就是如何組織好篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。篇章結(jié)構(gòu)在語(yǔ)言表達(dá)中起著非常重要的作用，同樣的信息會(huì)因?yàn)椴煌谋磉_(dá)順序傳達(dá)出不同的信息。層次分明、邏輯合理的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)讓讀者在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)獲得并準(zhǔn)確理解題目所規(guī)定的信息;而敘述順序混亂，前言不搭后語(yǔ)的篇章則讓人一頭霧水，不知所云。當(dāng)然，后者是失敗的表達(dá)，即使作者在寫作的過(guò)程中使用了再漂亮的詞匯和句型，混亂的文章結(jié)構(gòu)也不會(huì)讓讀者準(zhǔn)確領(lǐng)悟作者的意圖。優(yōu)秀的書面表達(dá)都有個(gè)共性，就是布局合理、有效地使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。

一、合理布局

開始部分（Opening paragraph）：說(shuō)出文中的要點(diǎn)、核心問(wèn)題;

正文部分 （Body paragraphs）：圍繞主題開展敘述、討論;

結(jié)尾部分（Concluding paragraph）：對(duì)全文的總結(jié)和概括;

要做到全文中心突出，段落之間必須是有機(jī)地聯(lián)系，內(nèi)容完整、連貫，前后呼應(yīng)，去除與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容。

我們通過(guò)下面的例子來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)、體會(huì)如何合理布局。

I am an active boy and I talk more than listen. （Opening paragraph）

When I talk with my friends， I'm always ready to express myself. I'm not afraid to tell others what I think. I am usually the focus of the attention because I often have lots of ideas that interest everyone. In my opinion， people should share and exchange each other's ideas. But when I am with the quiet people I feel the air is frozen. I'm always trying to find a topic and start a conversation. In this way， people will like me and feel happy. （Body paragraph）

In a word， I am optimistic and active and I can make everybody as confident as me. （Concluding paragraph）

二、確定主題句

主題句是對(duì)全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“畫龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用。通常主題句出現(xiàn)在一篇文章的開頭，然后，全文對(duì)主題句所提出的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋和擴(kuò)展。

寫主題句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1. 歸納出你要寫的文章的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn);

2. 提煉出一句具有概括性的語(yǔ)言;

3. 主題句應(yīng)具有可讀性，抓住、吸引讀者。

請(qǐng)看下面的例子，學(xué)習(xí)、體會(huì)如何確定主題句。

Something unpleasant happened to me on my way to the beach. In the morning， while I was waiting to buy a train ticket in the railway station， a bus driver came over to me. He told us he was also going to the beach， and the ride was cheap and it would be comfortable. I felt grateful and got on his bus. As I was talking happily on the way， the bus suddenly stopped. The driver said he needed two hours to repair the engine. But it actually took him four hours to finish his job， and other passengers and I spent the whole morning sweating in such a hot day！

主題句：Something unpleasant happened to me on my way to the beach.

幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)：

1. I got on a bus. 2. The bus stopped on the way. 3. It took four hours to repair the engine.? 4. I was sweating the whole morning.

三、學(xué)會(huì)使用連接詞

要想使文章有整體性、連貫性和同一性，就要學(xué)會(huì)正確使用連接詞。

在連句成文的過(guò)程中，要使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞把句子連接起來(lái)，使之上下連貫、呼應(yīng)、通順、簡(jiǎn)潔。一篇優(yōu)秀的書面表達(dá)除了寫好漂亮的句子，還要有效地使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。文章的連貫性和緊湊感也是很重要的。

在寫作時(shí)應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)使用以下常用的連接詞：

1. 表并列補(bǔ)充關(guān)系：what is more， besides， also， as well， and...

2.表轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系：but， however， yet， instead， on the other hand， though， although， not only... but also...， on the one hand... on the other hand， some... others...

3. 表因果關(guān)系：since， as， because （of）， for， so， as a result...

4. 表?xiàng)l件關(guān)系：if， as / so long as， unless， in case...

5. 表時(shí)間關(guān)系：when， after， before， until， as soon as， soon， lately， recently， since， from then on， at the same time， next...

6.表特定的順序關(guān)系：above all， first of all， firstly， first， secondly， then， next， finally， in the end， at last， later...

7. 表進(jìn)行舉例說(shuō)明：for example （=for instance）， like， such as...

8. 表陳述事實(shí)：in fact， actually， as a matter of fact， to tell you the truth...

9. 表目的：for this purpose， so that， in order that， in order to， so as to...

10. 表讓步：although， though， even if， even though， as...

11. 表總結(jié)：on the whole， in short， all in all， in a word， generally speaking， finally...

四、欣賞典型例文，體會(huì)連接詞的運(yùn)用

例1：

We all know that different people go on the Internet for different purposes. And it's true that the Internet has provided plenty of information as well as many ways of entertainment. On the Internet we search for useful learning materials， get the latest news and use e-mail to keep in touch with friends. Besides， we can download software for use， or download music and movies for pleasure.

However， we should not spend too much time playing online games， give away personal information or make friends on the Internet before knowing them well enough.

In a word， we should keep in mind the rules mentioned above so that we can make good use of the Internet.

例2：

Dear Worried，

Thank you for writing to me. I'm sorry that you are worried about your science subjects.

When I was a senior student， I met the same problem. However， I decided that I should study arts instead. I'm not sorry about my choice because it allowed me to put my energy into what I was already good at.

Since you are at a crossroad in your life right now， I suggest that you yourself should decide which path to take. Why not tell your parents about your trouble and tell them there is no shame in studying the arts？ As long as you are interested in the art subjects and believe in yourself， I'm sure you will succeed at last.

【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】

用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給的詞完成下面短文，注意篇章結(jié)構(gòu)及上下文的連貫關(guān)系。

A

（finally， then， at first， after that）

I had a bad cold last week. ________， I had a running nose， but I did not take it seriously.

________ I began to cough. ________， I had a fever and felt weak. ________， I was sent to hospital and had to lie in bed for three days.

B

（and， but， finally， immediately， now， at first， one day， then， so）

The naughty boy in the story “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” has grown up. ________ he works as a weatherman in his village. ________ he studied the weather carefully ________ found that a storm was coming. ________， he told all the villagers to prepare for the bad weather， ________ no one believed him. ________， the weather was fine， ________ the villagers said that the young man was lying again. ________ the weather suddenly changed ________ a storm wind came. All the villagers tried to save the crops ________ it was too late. ________， the storm ruined all the crops.