主題語境十七：世界與環境

四川雙流中學 蔣建平（特級教師）

感知·素養解讀

人類社會與自然環境相互依存，人與自然應和諧相處。 但是近年來人們為了自身的發展，破壞了部分地區的環境狀況，造成了環境的嚴重污染和退化，這將嚴重威脅人類的生存和發展。 當前，隨著國家對環境問題的重視程度不斷提高，高考從引導考生核心價值觀的角度出發，也會越來越重視對世界與環境類話題的考查。 世界與環境主題包括動植物保護、生態保護、環境污染和保護等方面。 它們與學生的生活息息相關。 對這些話題的學習和高考英語對這些話題的考查，可以讓學生多注意身邊的人和事，關注社會環境，樹立環保意識，學會與大自然和諧相處。

課標中“世界與環境”主題涉及的主要內容有：（1）Countries and maps（China, Great Britain,United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, Russia, India, Egypt, Cuba, etc.）；（2）Issues（population, land use and quality, population growth, housing, etc.）。

關于“世界與環境”主題的寫作常有以下幾個命題角度：介紹國家或城市、介紹“地球日”活動、水資源的合理利用、公共衛生意識、日常生活中的環境保護、動物保護、垃圾分類等。

探究·語庫構建

語境串記

The worldwide plastic problem

Plastic is everywhere because it's almost 1._______（end） useful. And when it's thrown away,2.______plastic finds its way into a plant, a lot of it can be made into something useful all over again.

But every year more and more plastic waste ends up in the ocean. And a global team of scientists has now tracked the production and disposal of plastic all around the world and used that information 3._______（forecast） the scale of our plastic pollution problem for the next 20 years.

Household waste, the scientists say, is by far the 4.________（big） source of all this pollution.They calculated that every year 30 million tonnes of waste is dumped on land; nearly 50 million tonnes of waste 5.________（burn） out in the open, and that's in addition to the 10 million tonnes of waste that finds its way into our oceans.

Many of us might do our bit with reusable water bottles and coffee cups. But there's an 6.________（estimate） two billion people in the southern hemisphere who have no access to any formal waste collection—they're simply left to work out 7._______to do with all their rubbish.

8._______（provide） protection and safe employment for workers in low-income countries who collect and sort all of that waste will be just as important 9.________（global） as reducing the production of single-use plastic. And while these new figures are daunting, the researchers say that recognising the source and the scale of this problem is 10.______first step in stemming the worldwide tide of plastic pollution.

遍及全球的塑料污染問題

塑料無處不在，因為它的用途幾乎是無窮無盡的。 當塑料被丟棄后，如果被運到了像這樣的廢物處理廠，大量的塑料垃圾就可以被重新制成有用的東西。

但每年都有越來越多的塑料垃圾流入海洋。 一支由多國科學家組成的團隊現已追蹤了世界各地塑料的生產和處理情況，并用這些信息預測了未來20年塑料污染問題的嚴重性。

科學家們表示，生活垃圾是塑料污染的最大來源。 他們計算出，每年有3,000萬噸塑料被傾倒在陸地上，近5,000萬噸被露天焚燒，此外還有1,000萬噸流入海洋。

我們中的許多人也許會盡一己之力，用可重復使用的水瓶和咖啡杯。 但據估算，在南半球，有20億人沒有任何正規的垃圾收集渠道，他們只能自己想辦法處理所有的垃圾。

在全球范圍內，為低收入國家收集和分類垃圾的勞動者們提供保護和安全的就業環境，將與減少一次性塑料的生產同等重要。 盡管這些新數據令人生畏，但研究人員表示，認識到塑料污染問題的根源和規模是遏制全球塑料污染浪潮的第一步。

素材積累

（一）閱讀詞匯整合（明其義）

【核心單詞】

1. protection 保護

2. sort 分類

3. atmosphere 大氣；大氣層

4. ecosystem 生態系統

5. recycle/reuse 再利用；循環使用

6. economize v. 節省；節約

economy n. 經濟；節約

economic adj. 經濟學的；經濟的

7. renewable adj. 可再生的

renew v. 重新開始；續借

【高頻短語】

1. raise awareness that/of sth 增強……的意識

2. call on/call for/appeal to sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事

3. take action/steps/measures 采取措施

4. do harm to 對……有害

5. bring about 導致；引起

6. make full use of/make the best of/take advan-

tage of 充分利用

7. sort the rubbish 把垃圾分類

8. recycle the rubbish 回收垃圾

9.improve the present situation 改善目前的狀況

【主題整合】

地球環境

1. farmland 農田

2. desert 沙漠

3. forest 森林

4. mountain range 山脈

5. ecological balance 生態平衡

6. ocean circulation 海洋環流

7. water resource 水資源

環境污染與破壞

1. poison n. 毒藥

poisonous adj. 有毒的

2. noise n. 噪音

noisy adj. 嘈雜的；喧鬧的

3. desertification 沙漠化

4. deforestation 濫伐森林

5. overdevelop 過度開發

6. haze 霧霾

7. emission 排放；散發物

8. carbon dioxide 二氧化碳

9. greenhouse effect 溫室效應

10. global warming 全球變暖

11. bring...to extinction 使……滅絕

12. be threatened by 受到……的威脅

13. under threat 處于威脅中

環境保護

1. environment-friendly/environmentally friendly對環境有利的

2. wildlife reserve 野生動植物保護區

3. be stuck/caught in 陷入

4. live in harmony with nature 與自然和諧相處

5. lead/live a low-carbon life 過低碳生活

6. prevent/stop/keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事

7. raise people's environmental awareness 增強人們的環境意識

（二）寫作詞匯運用（悉其用）

根據漢語提示或用所給單詞的正確形式完成句子。

1. It is high time that we_____________（采取措施） to protect our environment.

2.______________（recycle） is important to help protect our environment.

3. Many of the traffic accidents caused by drunk-driving have brought about_____________(交通堵塞), injuries and even death.

4. The reason why we should protect_______________（自然資源） is that we will benefit from it.

5. The estimates released yesterday by the World Bank for the first time put a welfare cost on the toll from indoor and outdoor___________（空氣污染） and highlight how it has soared over the past quarter of a century, as developing economies have rapidly industrialized.

6. They also illustrate the scale of the________________（ 環 境 挑 戰） confronting those countries as they seek to address chronic air pollution.

7. An_____________（estimate） 7.5 million lives were lost to diseases associated with air pollution in 2019, the latest year for which global data are available.

8._____________（據我所知）, it's everyone's duty to protect the environment.

9. More than 90 per cent of the premature deaths occurred in developing countries, with young children especially badly_____________（affect）.

10. While there had been some__________（證據） of success globally in reducing household air pollution, the problem of outdoor air pollution was growing.

（三）核心句型表達（精于表）

根據要求翻譯下列句子。

1. 眾所周知，垃圾處理一直是政府亟待解決的難題。

譯法一：（含as引導的定語從句）

譯法二：（含it作形式主語的主語從句）

2. 談到節能減排，我碰巧在一份報紙上看到有關這一話題的報道。

譯法一：（含it作形式主語的主語從句）

譯法二：（含不定式結構）

3. 無可否認，空氣污染是一個極其嚴重的問題。

譯法一：（用it作形式主語）

譯法二：（含同位語從句）

4. 只有將這些解決方案結合起來，才能緩解交通壓力。

譯法一：（陳述句）

譯法二：（倒裝句）

實踐·主題測評

知識維度診斷評價

Ⅰ. 單句填空

1. But at the same time we also see mentions of London and Paris as cities_________this concern still exists.

2. Last Sunday, our class launched a voluntary activity, the theme of which is_________（make）the city more beautiful and advocate a low-carbon lifestyle.

3. In the afternoon, we went to the People's Square to hand out leaflets,_________（raise） people's awareness of environmental protection.

4. As long as there is the_________（possible） of saving our planet, do take action now before it is too late.

5. Recently, in order to raise our awareness of environmental protection, our school carried out an activity_________theme is “Low carbon life, starts from me”.

6. The activity calls on us to take the useful measures into________（consider） seriously.

7. In our daily life, we should also save resources, including water, electricity and food, and furthermore, when going shopping, we should take advantage of_________（reuse） bags instead of plastic bags.

8. If we want to go out, we can take public transport, and of course,_________（ride） bicycles is a good choice because it can not only protect living environment but build up our body strength.

9.________（protect） our environment, there are many things we can do.

10. Not only should we advocate green life,_________calls on us to use environmentally friendly products, but also we should advocate a low-carbon lifestyle, developing renewable resources.

Ⅱ. 情境寫作

水是生命之源，但水資源短缺和水污染已成為世界上最嚴重的資源環境問題之ー，需要引起我們的關注。 假定你是某國際學校的學生，請就此問題寫一篇演講稿。 要點如下:

1. 水的重要性；

2. 水污染狀況；

3. 水資源保護。注意：

1. 詞數100左右；

2. 可以適當增加細節，以使行文連貫；

3. 開頭和結尾已為你寫好，不計入總詞數。

Good morning, everyone.__________________________________________________________

Thanks for listening.