>>王玉素本文以2020年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法填空為例分析考生的答題情況,據(jù)此探究突破備考難點(diǎn)——句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。一、看真題China has"/>
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本文以2020年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法填空為例分析考生的答題情況,據(jù)此探究突破備考難點(diǎn)——句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。
China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe (探 測(cè) 器 )——the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess——(touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. Landing on the moon’s far side is(extreme) challenging.Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spotit could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the moon is of particular(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(環(huán) 形 山 ),more sothe familiar near side. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4(find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin. “This really excites scientists,”Carle Pieters,a scientist at Brown University,says,“because it(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon(construct).”Data about the moon’s composition,such as howice and other treasures it contains,could help China decide whether(it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
Keys:61. touched 62. extremely
63. where 64. interest
65. than 66. to find
67. means 68. is constructed
69. much 70. its

這兩個(gè)考生的錯(cuò)誤主要集中在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和連詞上,這正是語(yǔ)法填空的熱點(diǎn),也是考生的難點(diǎn)。
解析:
61題:考查動(dòng)詞。本題句子較長(zhǎng),考生不清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu)就無(wú)法判斷該用謂語(yǔ)形式還是非謂語(yǔ)形式,所以要先簡(jiǎn)化句子:“the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess”是插入語(yǔ),可以刪掉;剩下“The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe(touch)down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin”我們就能輕松地看出要用謂語(yǔ)形式了,再根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)last week,得知答案為touched。
63題:本題考查連詞,有些考生沒(méi)有掌握好從句結(jié)構(gòu),看不出這里需用連詞。我們分三步思考:第一步,從句位置從空格開(kāi)始到句末結(jié)束;第二步,空格前為名詞spot,考慮定語(yǔ)從句;第三步,先行詞spot“地點(diǎn)”,且放回定語(yǔ)從句后做狀語(yǔ)。
65題:考查介詞。考生看不出比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),誤把它認(rèn)作從句,歸根結(jié)底還是理不清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。另外,本題的難點(diǎn)在so。作為代詞,so代替前面的deep craters,反之,在文中可以用deep craters代替so,即because it has a lot of deep craters (環(huán)形山),more deep cratersthe familiar near side.比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)顯而易見(jiàn)。
68題:考查動(dòng)詞。通過(guò)觀察 “...about how the moon(construct)”,我們知道這是how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,空格處應(yīng)用謂語(yǔ)形式,由“means”“have”的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形態(tài)可知空格處用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。construct為及物動(dòng)詞,所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
英語(yǔ)句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為3種類(lèi)型:簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句。
1.六種簡(jiǎn)單句句型
(1)主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞。如,She came.
(2)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)。如,She likes English.
(3)主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。如,She is happy.
(4)主語(yǔ)+雙賓動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)。如,She gave John a book.
(5)主語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如,She makes her mother angry.
(6)There+be結(jié)構(gòu)。如,There lies a book on the desk.
2.并列句
用并列連詞把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連接而成的句子。
參考公式:并列句=簡(jiǎn)單句1+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句2。
He is a student and I am a teacher.
3.復(fù)合句
一個(gè)句子里包含一個(gè)或多個(gè)充當(dāng)成分的句子,大句子叫主句,充當(dāng)成分、附屬于大句子的句子叫從句,連接兩個(gè)句子的詞為從屬連詞。
參考公式:

(1)I believe that you are right. (賓語(yǔ)從句)
(2)The boy who is sitting under the tree is Tom.(定語(yǔ)從句)
由以上講解可知,兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句可以用句號(hào)、分號(hào)、連詞連接在一起,還可以把一個(gè)句子里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。下面我們通過(guò)一組句式變換來(lái)體會(huì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。
(1)I need a pen now. I will go to the shop to buy one. 句號(hào)區(qū)分兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。
(2)I need a pen now;I will go to the shop to buy one.分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。
(3)I need a pen now,so I will go to the shop to buy one. 并列連詞so連接兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。
(4)Because I need a pen now,I will go to the shop to buy one.從屬連詞because連接兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。
(5)Needing a pen now, I will go to the shop to buy one.把第一句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞need改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞needing之后合在一起的句子。
1.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
一定要慎重考慮謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞三要素——時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致。
例1.Since 2011, the country___________(grow)more corn than rice.(2018年,全國(guó)卷II,61題)
解析:本題考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),since 2011為時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞,此外 so for,up to now,in/over the past/last +數(shù)字+years/months/weeks/days也是??嫉默F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的標(biāo)志詞。綜合考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致,答案為 has grown.
例2.The parts of a museum open to the public(call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum's collection(be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.(2020年,全國(guó)新高考卷I)
解析:這兩個(gè)空連續(xù)考查動(dòng)詞。因?yàn)槎际呛?jiǎn)單句,所以很容易判斷出用謂語(yǔ)形式。由從第一句的open 和第三句的is可知用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);40空call的主語(yǔ)為parts,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,而且需用被動(dòng),所以答案為are called;41空需要參考后一句的is,因?yàn)樗麄兊闹髡Z(yǔ)是一致的。
2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“有法可依”
第一步,辨別“謂與非謂”
若句中已有謂語(yǔ),且設(shè)空格處不作并列謂語(yǔ),應(yīng)考慮該空考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
例 3.There are nine planets __________(move)around the sun, and the earth___________(be)one of them.
解析:這是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句。第一個(gè)空所在的句子中已經(jīng)有are做謂語(yǔ)了,所以空格處應(yīng)該用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞moving。第二個(gè)空所在的句子中沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,所以空格處應(yīng)該用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞is。
第二步,找非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)
(1)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),被修飾的詞是邏輯主語(yǔ)
The students following the teacher are from our class.
(2)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的主語(yǔ)是邏輯主語(yǔ)
Seen from the top of the mountain, it looks more beautiful.
(3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)是邏輯主語(yǔ)
I saw the boy crossing the road.
第三步,判斷語(yǔ)態(tài)
在確定邏輯主語(yǔ)之后,分析非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和邏輯主語(yǔ)是主謂關(guān)系還是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,主謂關(guān)系用主動(dòng),動(dòng)賓關(guān)系用被動(dòng)。

第四步,分析時(shí)態(tài)
根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞自帶的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)確定時(shí)間。
The problem to be discussed next is of great importance.
The building being built now is our future classroom.
The problem discussed just now is of great importance.
另外,對(duì)于不定式的考查,多以表目的的狀語(yǔ)和固定句型來(lái)設(shè)空。
例1.You don’t have to run fast or for long__________(see) the benefit.(2018年,全國(guó)卷I,62題)
解析:空格前已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞don’t have to run,所以空格處應(yīng)用非謂語(yǔ),根據(jù)句意,此處表目的,所以答案為to see。
例2.Once his message was delivered, he allowed me_______ (stay) and watch.(2018年,全國(guó)卷III,70題)
解析:本題考查allow的句型,allow sb to do sth. “允許某人做某事”。
3.連詞選定“三步走”
第一步,找出從句。一般而言,從句的位置是從所設(shè)的空格開(kāi)始到后面第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)束,如果沒(méi)有第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則到句尾。
第二步,判斷從句類(lèi)型。空前為名詞,考慮定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句;空前為動(dòng)詞或介詞,考慮賓語(yǔ)從句;空前為系動(dòng)詞,考慮表語(yǔ)從句;空在句首或句首為形式主語(yǔ)it時(shí),考慮主語(yǔ)從句;其他情況考慮狀語(yǔ)從句。
第三步,選擇合適的連詞。我們要明確不同從句的不同連詞。
例1.While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence_____________they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.(2019年,全國(guó)卷I,61題)
解析:第一步,從句位置從空格開(kāi)始到逗號(hào)結(jié)束。第二步,空前為名詞evidence,考慮定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句;evidence不能直接代入從句,借助介詞也不可以,所以考慮同位語(yǔ)從句。第三步,從句成分和語(yǔ)義都很完整,所以用連接詞that。
例2.Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on______________could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.(2020年,浙江卷7月,57題)
解析:第一步,從句位置從空格開(kāi)始到逗號(hào)結(jié)束。第二步,空前為介詞,考慮賓語(yǔ)從句。第三步,從句中缺少主語(yǔ),意思為“所......的”,所以用連接代詞what。
近幾年,語(yǔ)法填空題的語(yǔ)言越來(lái)越靈活,做題時(shí)一定要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境,比如2020年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ65題和69題的設(shè)空出其不意,但是結(jié)合上下文就能得出答案。再者,對(duì)冠詞、代詞和介詞的用法考查得越來(lái)越基礎(chǔ)化,仍需要考生系統(tǒng)記憶。