破解印尼中小微企業(yè)復(fù)蘇難題的良方

科圖特D.P.尤加 博尼·費(fèi)彼·賈斯汀

新冠肺炎疫情對全球經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了嚴(yán)重的打擊，印尼也未能幸免。這樣的背景下，各大企業(yè)可以采取針對性措施來克服由此產(chǎn)生的各種困難。而對于印尼的中小微企業(yè)來說，它們面前也許并沒有這樣的選項。

疫情之下，許多新增或現(xiàn)存的中小微企業(yè)離關(guān)門大吉僅咫尺之遙。大部分企業(yè)現(xiàn)金流遇到了問題，或者簡單來說，就是企業(yè)流失了大量的客源。

值得注意的是，盡管疫情暴發(fā)，各類中小微企業(yè)的數(shù)量不降反升。這可能會讓人們誤認(rèn)為，中小微企業(yè)在疫情大流行期間得以蓬勃發(fā)展。然而，這事實上卻是大規(guī)模裁員或降薪所產(chǎn)生的后果。為了獲取額外收入，企業(yè)員工紛紛創(chuàng)辦各類小型企業(yè)。大部分此類小企業(yè)都是通過社交媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺來銷售食品和飲料，因為這樣的操作簡單易行。

中小微企業(yè)形勢嚴(yán)峻，印尼政府需審時度勢

印尼政府充分認(rèn)識到新冠肺炎疫情對中小微企業(yè)所造成的不利影響，印尼合作社和中小企業(yè)部部長警告說，可能大約50%的中小微型企業(yè)將面臨倒閉。

出現(xiàn)這一問題的主要原因是人與人的實際接觸機(jī)會在減少。大多數(shù)中小微企業(yè)依靠實體互動與買家和供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行接觸。如果疫情持續(xù)更長時間，大多數(shù)中小微企業(yè)將需要適應(yīng)線上市場，并可能難以找到新客戶來維持收支平衡。

需要指出的是，中小微企業(yè)在印尼經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和吸納人力方面發(fā)揮著巨大的作用。因此，幫助這些企業(yè)生存下去成為政府關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。為此，印尼政府專門發(fā)布了《關(guān)于實施國家經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇計劃的政府條例（2020年第23號）》，旨在實施全國性的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇計劃。

該政府計劃擬采取若干經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激措施，其中部分措施通過銀行債券來調(diào)配資金。作為回報，銀行必須支持債務(wù)重組或為有需要的人提供融資。另一項措施是開展投資和發(fā)行證券。

這些經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激措施對印尼中小微企業(yè)來說應(yīng)該是充滿希望的。不過印尼政府部門在落實具體政策方面卻一直面臨挑戰(zhàn)。有關(guān)部門沒有制訂相關(guān)的政策實施細(xì)則，導(dǎo)致有關(guān)債務(wù)放松和重組的刺激計劃遲遲無法兌現(xiàn)。

各地區(qū)政府責(zé)無旁貸

印尼人口眾多，領(lǐng)土遼闊，不宜照搬其他國家實施的政策。上文提及的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激措施都是從鄰國，包括新加坡和馬來西亞在內(nèi)，套用而來。這些政策結(jié)合了所在國家的文化特點(diǎn)和基本國情，因地制宜，在相關(guān)國家確實行之有效。無論如何，印尼政府在對本國中小微企業(yè)制訂和實施相關(guān)政策時，應(yīng)充分考慮到本國國民結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性這一客觀事實。

鑒于此，印尼應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮和體現(xiàn)各地區(qū)政府的重要性。應(yīng)該承認(rèn)，各地區(qū)政府作為屬地管理的政府部門，更了解中小微企業(yè)在各自轄區(qū)內(nèi)所面臨的各種實際問題。因此，各地區(qū)政府應(yīng)該出臺本地有針對性的措施，防止出現(xiàn)中小微企業(yè)倒閉潮現(xiàn)象。

擬定地區(qū)法規(guī)的監(jiān)管范圍

各地區(qū)政府可頒布惠及中小微企業(yè)的法規(guī)。其中一種做法是為中小微企業(yè)與受疫情影響不大的企業(yè)提供法律保障，主要面向滿足日常生活需求的企業(yè)為主，如農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)或衛(wèi)生健康領(lǐng)域等企業(yè)。這種合作的目的主要是積極尋求私營企業(yè)的援助，以幫助中小微企業(yè)渡過難關(guān)。

援助可采用經(jīng)濟(jì)援助、人員培訓(xùn)或產(chǎn)品開發(fā)等多種形式。人員培訓(xùn)可以幫助中小微企業(yè)有效應(yīng)對與數(shù)字化營銷產(chǎn)生的各類問題。此外，各地區(qū)政府也可以借此機(jī)會，鼓勵各類私營企業(yè)主動履行企業(yè)社會責(zé)任。

其次，相關(guān)法規(guī)可設(shè)定義務(wù)要求，優(yōu)先使用本地中小微企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的各類產(chǎn)品，在刺激中小微企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的同時，促進(jìn)中小微企業(yè)產(chǎn)品的推廣普及。這一點(diǎn)顯得至關(guān)重要，因為如果沒有市場帶來更大的需求，僅僅對中小微企業(yè)提供經(jīng)濟(jì)援助和人員培訓(xùn)，相關(guān)扶持難以為繼。從長遠(yuǎn)來看，這項舉措有助于為中小微企業(yè)創(chuàng)造更大的市場空間。

值得注意的是，實施此類政策在商界并非首開先河。不少公私合營的、規(guī)模龐大的項目都要求項目業(yè)主和承包商在項目所在地采購部分材料。

印尼社會各界應(yīng)守望相助

另一種情況是，盡管招數(shù)盡出，仍然不足以支持中小微企業(yè)的發(fā)展。這就需要印尼社會各界的積極參與，特別是倡導(dǎo)全社會青年主動介入幫扶大業(yè)。身處數(shù)字時代，年輕一代往往能更好地理解數(shù)字化是世界發(fā)展大勢所趨，他們也可以最大限度地利用數(shù)字交易來獲取利潤。因此，青年的主動介入可能有助于形成一種趨勢，幫助中小微企業(yè)促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)禺a(chǎn)品的銷售。

首先是與有前途的年輕人合作。這些人員會根據(jù)各自不同的背景，比如具備在非政府組織或初創(chuàng)企業(yè)工作的經(jīng)歷等，對相關(guān)合作提供更深入、更有針對性的意見和建議。

此外，專家型人員可以通過提供咨詢的方式實施援助。相關(guān)的意見和建議主要著眼于解決諸如現(xiàn)金流、營銷手段、原材料價格甚至資金落實等專業(yè)性問題。這樣政府部門在回應(yīng)中小微企業(yè)相關(guān)訴求時，就能做到有的放矢、對癥下藥。

當(dāng)然，印尼政府需要對上述建議開展進(jìn)一步的分析研判。有關(guān)各方應(yīng)共同攜手合作，以應(yīng)對所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，這是無庸置疑的。面對疫情影響，印尼政府責(zé)任重大，應(yīng)該為有關(guān)各方加入扶持中小微企業(yè)發(fā)展的行動創(chuàng)造積極的條件。

·來源：《亞洲時報》

·編譯：張曉雁

People and businesses in Myanmar have all felt the impact of the COVID-19 in one way or another， and there are big and important questions about when and how the economy will recover. But there is a silver lining in how weve all been forced to change our ways in recent months， and that is in the use of technology to speed communications， business and overall economic growth.

Government has been quick to improve public communications since the COVID-19 broke out， and much of this has been delivered online. In what was to many a surprise move， State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi used a Facebook page to publish videos with words of encouragement and guidance as part of the governments efforts to fight the COVID-19.

Perhaps inspired by this act of leadership， the governments COVID-19 relief plans include several specific actions that employ technology. One of these actions involves Wave Money partnering with the Social Security Board and other government agencies to disburse COVID-19 relief payments and loans.

Building a platform for a digitally enabled economy requires the cooperation of the private sector and policymakers. But at a more basic level， it requires a workforce with the necessary skills to use technology productively， and to build the next generation of digital business systems， products and communications. While most people in Myanmar have grown up with essentially no access to those skills， we are seeing the start of a positive development here， too. When the COVID-19 broke out， Phandeeyar Institute， our digital skills training academy， launched a remote learning festival featuring more than 30 different digital skills classes online. More than 5，000 people from across Myanmar signed up to participate， mostly young and mid-career professionals interested in acquiring the skills necessary to advance their careers.

All of this shows that were about to see a new wave of digital activity in Myanmar. Now business， government and organisations are embracing the potential of technology to transform how they work， grow and interact with their communities. This second digital moment can be an important part of Myanmars economic and democratic growth when we eventually get past the COVID-19. If business leaders and policymakers continue to recognise this potential and adopt a decisive but responsible strategy for innovation through technology — importantly， one that considers the privacy and rights of users — this could help shape Myanmars economy for decades to come.

We must not underestimate the negative consequences of the COVID-19 on Myanmars economy. Large parts of the private sector are very fragile， and lots of livelihoods are likely to be impacted by a protracted recovery from the pandemic. However， it is important that businesses and the public sector take something positive away from these months of economic strain.

Myanmars silver lining may very well lie in the potential to digitally transform businesses and government by using technology to expand their reach， and make markets stronger， better connected and more efficient. If the past several months have offered a glimpse of what the future may look like， then Myanmars second digital moment will be a yardstick for future economic growth.

· Source： The Myanmar Times