蔡少彥 魏旸 張蕾 李嘉琳 鄭良杰 郭春明


【關鍵詞】 右美托咪定 丙泊酚 顱內動脈瘤 術后認知功能障礙 老年患者
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effects of Dexmedetomidine combined with Propofol general anesthesia on hemodynamics, postoperative recovery and early cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm embolization. Method: A total of 60 elderly patients who underwent intracranial aneurysm embolization under general anesthesia in our hospital from January to July in 2020 were selected. The patients were randomly divided into Dexmedetomidine group (group D) and control group (group C),?30 cases in each group. Group D was injected with Dexmedetomidine 0.8 μg/kg by microinjection pump before surgery, group C was injected with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Solution by micro injection pump before surgery. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded before anesthesia induction (T0), at the beginning of surgery (T1), 10 min after surgery (T2), at the end of surgery (T3), at recovery (T4). Anesthesia time, dosage of Propofol, recovery time, recovery time of orientation and postoperative adverse reactions such as delirium, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, body movement and shivering were recorded. The simple mental state examination scale (MMSE) was used to assess the cognitive function before and after surgery between the two groups. Result: The SBP of T1 to T3 in group D were higher than those in group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison of SBP between the two groups at T0 and T4, there were no significant differences (P>0.05). HR from T1 to T4 in group D were lower than those in group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison of DBP and SpO2 of T0 to T4 between the two groups, there were no significant differences (P>0.05). The incidence of postoperative delirium in group D was significantly lower than that in group C, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison of the incidences of hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, body motion and chills between the two groups, there were no significant differences (P>0.05). 1 d before surgery, comparison of MMSE scores between the two groups, there was no significant difference (P>0.05). 1 h, 1 d, 2 d after surgery, the MMSE scores of group D were higher than those of group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: During intracranial aneurysm embolization, Dexmedetomidine combined with Propofol general anesthesia can effectively maintain the hemodynamic stability of elderly patients and improve the cognitive function of elderly patients in the early stage after operation.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine Propofol Intracranial aneurysm Postoperative cognitive dysfunction Elderly patients
First-author’s address: Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.26.011
顱內動脈瘤是蛛網膜下腔出血的首要原因,是腦血管意外發生率第三位的疾病。我國社會老齡化正日益加劇,老年患者腦血管疾病增多,需要進行顱內動脈瘤栓塞術治療的患者也逐漸增多。顱內動脈瘤介入栓塞術由于創傷小,并發癥少,術后恢復快等顯著優勢,已經逐漸取代傳統的開顱動脈瘤夾閉術,成為急性動脈瘤破裂的首選治療方法[1]。老年患者大腦功能減退,更易受手術創傷應激和麻醉藥物的影響,導致早期術后認知功能障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)。POCD發生在20%~50%的術后患者中[2],老年患者發病率較高,可高達60%[3],其可導致患者術后恢復延遲及一系列的并發癥發生。研究認為,術中持續靜脈泵注右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,DEX)能使老年患者術中低血壓和術后譫妄發生率顯著降低,同時對術后認知功能障礙有明顯的改善作用[4],然而對右美托咪定能否改善老年患者顱內動脈瘤栓塞術術后的認知功能方面的研究,國內尚無相關報道。因此,本研究擬對老年患者顱內動脈瘤栓塞手術中應用右美托咪定復合丙泊酚全身麻醉的臨床效果及術后早期認知功能的影響進行臨床研究,評價其有效性及安全性,以對臨床用藥的選擇提供參考。現報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選擇2020年1-7月在本院行全身麻醉下顱內動脈瘤栓塞術的老年患者60例。納入標準:年齡≥60歲;ASA Ⅱ、Ⅲ級;行全身麻醉下顱內動脈瘤栓塞術。排除標準:既往嚴重冠心病、嚴重心律失常、精神疾病、昏迷或其他原因不能配合檢查。將患者隨機分為右美托咪定組(D組)和對照組(C組),每組30例。患者術前均簽署書面知情同意書,本研究經汕頭市中心醫院倫理委員會許可。
1.2 方法 所有患者術前常規禁食,術前不用藥。入手術室后開放上肢靜脈通路,面罩吸氧5 L/min,使用M8004A型心電監護儀(Philips公司,德國)監測SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、ECG。D組于手術開始前10 min靜脈泵注鹽酸右美托咪定注射液[生產廠家:揚子江藥業集團有限公司,批準文號:國藥準字H20183219,規格:2 mL︰0.2 mg(按右美托咪定計)]0.8 μg/kg,10 min內泵完,隨后以0.2~0.5 μg/(kg·h)的速度維持泵注,手術結束前15 min停止輸注;C組同樣方法靜脈泵注等量0.9%氯化鈉溶液。麻醉誘導采用丙泊酚中/長鏈脂肪乳注射液(生產廠家:Fresenius Kabi Austria GmbH,注冊證號:國藥準字J20160098,規格:50 mL︰0.5 g)血漿濃度靶控模式,初始靶控濃度為3 mg/L,使用CP-800TCI型注射泵(思路高,中國北京),同時靜脈推注枸櫞酸舒芬太尼注射液[生產廠家:宜昌人福藥業有限責任公司,批準文號:國藥準字H20054171,規格:1 mL︰50 μg(按C22H30N2O2S計)]0.2~0.3 μg/kg、注射用苯磺酸阿曲庫銨(生產廠家:上海恒瑞醫藥有限公司,批準文號:國藥準字H20061298規格:25 mg)0.8 mg/kg。誘導插管后行機械通氣控制呼吸,設置潮氣量為5~6 mL/kg,呼吸頻率為12~18次/min,吸呼時間比為1︰2,維持PETCO2在35~45 mmHg。術中根據麻醉深度及手術操作調節丙泊酚濃度,舒芬太尼及阿曲庫銨按需間斷追加。
1.3 觀察指標 (1)比較兩組的臨床資料,包括麻醉誘導前(T0)、手術開始時(T1)、手術進行10 min時(T2)、手術結束時(T3)、蘇醒時(T4)的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2,比較兩組麻醉時間、丙泊酚用量、蘇醒時間、定向力恢復時間。(2)比較兩組不良反應發生情況,記錄兩組低血壓(SBP<90 mmHg)、心動過緩(HR<55次/min)及呼吸抑制(SpO2<90%)、譫妄、體動、寒戰的發生情況。(3)比較兩組不同時間點認知功能,在術前1 d和術后1 h、1 d、2 d由同一麻醉醫生采用簡易精神狀態檢查量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)評定患者認知功能。MMSE量表由30個問題組成,包含回憶能力、語言能力、定向力、記憶力、注意力及計算力等方面內容,總分為30分。
1.4 統計學處理 采用SPSS 22.0軟件對所得數據進行統計分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗;計數資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 兩組性別、ASA分級、年齡、體重、麻醉時間、丙泊酚用量、蘇醒時間、定向力恢復時間比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。
2.2 兩組SBP、DBP、HR及SpO2水平比較 D組T1~T3的SBP均高于C組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);兩組T0、T4時的SBP比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。D組T1~T4的HR均低于C組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);兩組T0~T4的DBP、SpO2比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組不良反應發生情況比較 D組術后譫妄發生率顯著低于C組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);兩組低血壓、心動過緩、呼吸抑制、體動、寒戰發生率比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
2.4 兩組不同時間點MMSE評分比較 術前1 d,兩組MMSE評分比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);術后1 h和術后1、2 d,D組MMSE評分均高于C組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
3 討論
老年患者由于自身呼吸功能減退,呼吸抑制和缺氧的發生率往往很高[5]。研究表明,在全身麻醉中全麻藥聯合應用右美托咪定,可以減輕機體應激反應,使麻醉期間血流動力學更加平穩,同時還可以減少其他麻醉藥的用量[6]。
POCD是術后發生的一種以認知功能缺損為主的中樞神經系統并發癥,表現為焦慮、精神錯亂、記憶減退或人格改變,影響術后患者的康復,甚至造成其他并發癥,導致老年性癡呆[7]。POCD的發病原因尚不明確,高齡、手術、麻醉藥物的使用、術后疼痛、激素水平及炎癥反應均與POCD的發生關系密切,且在老年患者和伴有血管疾病及心力衰竭的患者中發病率較高[8]。老年患者由于腦血管退行性病變,腦神經細胞數量減少及中樞神經系統的功能儲備下降,POCD發生率更高。目前POCD尚無效果確切的治療方法,術后POCD的防治已然成為國內外學者研究的熱點。右美托咪定屬于咪唑類衍生物,是一種新興的高度選擇性α2受體激動劑,能發揮抗交感活性、鎮靜、鎮痛及神經保護等效應[9],對術后POCD的發生具有潛在防治作用,但其是否可以預防顱內動脈瘤栓塞術老年患者POCD的發生尚不明確。
報道顯示,右美托咪定對POCD的干預作用可能與減少腦細胞凋亡、改善腦神經功能有關[10];右美托咪定的應用同時也加強了鎮痛、鎮靜作用,降低了疼痛引起POCD發生的風險。右美托咪定可減輕老年微創冠狀動脈搭橋術患者單肺通氣時SpO2的下降,改善術后認知功能,降低POCD的發生率[11]。右美托咪定能明顯改善老年結直腸癌患者術后認知功能障礙,認知功能障礙的發生受年齡、麻醉時間、術中出血量及IL-6和S-100β高表達的影響[12]。也有學者認為右美托咪定可降低老年患者術后早期認知功能障礙的發生率,與改善術后鎮痛效果和改善腦氧代謝有關[13]。Cheng等[14]研究發現,右美托咪定能減輕65歲或65歲以上患者術后立即出現的譫妄和術后3 d出現的認知功能障礙,同時可降低在擇期開腹手術7 d后的認知功能障礙率,認知能力優于安慰劑,最多可達術后1個月;同時還指出右美托咪定降低了新發心律失常及肺部感染的發生率。術后血清腦源性神經營養因子的減少與認知功能障礙呈相關性,提示腦神經營養因子濃度降低。右美托咪定可逆轉麻醉所致腦源性神經營養因子在血液中的濃度降低,這與右美托咪定的神經保護作用相關。與絕對血清腦源性神經營養因子水平相比,基線下降的相對值是一個與神經保護作用更相關的預測因素,對評估POCD具有良好的敏感性和特異性[15]。研究表明給予右美托咪定使觀察組的精神錯亂、昏迷等發生率顯著低于對照組,且生存時間延長[16]。對于非心臟手術后入住ICU的老年人,小劑量右美托咪定輸注不會顯著改變3年總生存期,但可將生存期提高到2年,并改善3年生存者的認知功能和生活質量[17]。
關于POCD的診斷,臨床上應用最廣的是神經心理學測定。MMSE是目前最常應用的檢測認知功能的量表,其簡單易行,應用范圍較廣。該量表總分共30分,共30項題目,每項回答正確得1分,分數越高表示認知功能越好[18]。本研究結果顯示,D組T1~T3的SBP均高于C組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);兩組T0、T4時的SBP比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。D組T1~T4的HR均低于C組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05);兩組T0~T4的DBP、SpO2比較,差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。D組術后譫妄發生率顯著低于C組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。術前1 d,兩組MMSE評分比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);術后1 h和術后1、2 d,D組MMSE評分均高于C組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05),即D組術后1 h到2 d的術后認知功能均較對照組高。此結果提示,右美托咪定能夠改善術后早期老年患者的認知功能。
綜上所述,顱內動脈瘤栓塞患者應用右美托咪定聯合丙泊酚全身麻醉,可使老年患者血流動力學更平穩,降低患者圍術期心血管不良事件的發生率,同時可改善術后早期MMSE評分,改善老年患者術后早期認知功能,有利于顱內動脈瘤栓塞術后患者認知功能的恢復。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-27) (本文編輯:姬思雨)