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提綱挈領尋主句,凝練轉換成華章

2021-04-08 08:04:44楊春吉
求學·理科版 2021年5期

楊春吉

為深化考試內容改革,高考英語綜合寫作題型在高考綜合改革試點省份首先使用。新題型包括兩種形式:概要寫作和讀后續寫。概要寫作是2016年浙江省高考英語首次采用的書面表達新題型,該題型旨在考查考生的概括文章主旨大意能力、精準獲取關鍵詞能力、重構主要信息能力以及靈活創新的表達能力。

概要寫作把閱讀理解和書面表達有機結合起來,要求考生運用語篇的相關信息,進行控制性寫作。概要寫作與常規寫作所不同的是:考生作品的相關信息要從目標語篇中汲取,通過提取、濃縮、精煉、創新、整合等手段,速成一篇60詞左右,同時符合其他寫作要求的短文。

概要寫作把考生作品用語的精煉性、語言知識的準確性及高級性、語篇結構的銜接性提到了新高度,是對考生寫作水平的新挑戰。考生作品常見的錯誤主要有對文章大意把握不到位;抓不住文章重點;句式、句型轉換不當;替換詞運用不當;銜接詞運用失誤;篇幅太長,等等。究其原因,考生主要是在解題技巧、英語知識的積累運用等方面存在不足。本文擬從六個方面談談概要寫作的提分技巧,希望對同學們有所幫助。

一、提綱挈領,確定語篇主題句

這是解題的首要環節。一篇英語短文,不論是說明文、議論文、夾敘夾議文,還是記敘文,作者在構思、寫作時總是先圍繞一個主題,然后運用寫作提綱,逐步充實,使其豐盈成文。因此,考生首先要快速瀏覽全文,掌握文章大意。然后找出短文的主題句及每段的分主題句。主題句一般位于篇首或篇末,分主題句一般散布于各段落的段首,便于讀者閱讀和理解文意。此外,諸如so、thus、therefore、however之類的信息標志詞,它們后面的句子往往是作者對前文的總結、概括或引出話題中心,很可能也是主題句。考生只要抓準了主題句,也就大致確定了概要寫作的要點和框架,為下一步寫作奠定必要的概要基礎。以2019年浙江卷為例,下文黑體部分即為語篇的主/分題句。

Parents everywhere always praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says,“Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.

Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.

So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters.“ One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.”

Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相稱的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.

二、結合段落主題句,厘清段落之間的關系

這篇文章的總主題句比較難以確定,原因是外文作者在構思、行文、闡述觀點時與中國人有所不同。加之生詞較多,阻礙了考生對段落主題句的理解和把握。通過仔細理解后,我們確定各段落主題句為:

1.Parents everywhere always praise their kids. (啟)

① when, in fact, it may be just the opposite.(分)

② Still, dont go too far in the other direction.(分)

2.Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.(轉)

3.But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相稱的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.(總)

通過理解分析上述各段落主題句的關系可推斷出:第一句從數量過多和數量不夠兩個方面說明“不恰當表揚孩子”的壞處。第二句闡述的是專家的觀點,進而引出作者的觀點。第三句話綜述上文,闡述了作者自己的觀點。通過分析,我們可以確定短文的脈絡架構關系為:啟(①②)——轉(2)——總(3)式。

厘清段落之間的關系是進行提煉、濃縮寫作信息的前提,同時為下一步概要寫作確定寫作基調。

三、凝練主題句,確定關鍵詞(組)

在確定好主題句,厘清各段落之間的關系后,考生要依此提煉出每段的關鍵詞(組)。關鍵詞(組)是本段大意的濃縮和簡化。每個要點都要圍繞關鍵詞(組)展開。凝練關鍵詞考查考生深層次的信息概括及整合能力。

第一段:overpraise

第二段:inadequate praise

第三段:the effort is more important than the result

第四段:Parents praise should have something in speech and match the effort of their children.

四、運用“變式”表達手法,改寫要點句

《考試要求》中對概要寫作的閱卷要求之一是考生應用語法結構和詞匯的準確性。這就要求考生用自己的語言進行改寫。同時,時態、語態、語法、詞匯等要準確無誤。大致可以從以下三個方面進行轉換、改寫。

1.語態轉換

主要指根據字數需要把主動句轉換為被動句或者把被動句轉換為主動句。轉換時,考生要注意四點:同義轉換;時態正確;形式多樣;簡短為宜。如:短文最后一句“But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相稱的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.”可以轉換為主動句“parents should be aware that praise needs to be task-specific and match the amount of efforts of their children have made.”。

2.句型轉換

英語中有許多高級、實用的句型,如it句型、there be句型、名詞性從句句型,等等。考生若運用合理,不僅能“簡化”篇章,省詞約句,行文整齊劃一,整體感強,而且還凸顯出考生雄厚的寫作功底,值得閱卷教師“點贊”。如“when, in fact, it may be just the opposite.”的前后句根據句意可改寫為which引導的非限制性定語從句“Nowadays parents tend to overpraise their children, which may have bad effects.”。而“Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. ”可以改寫為“Experts suggest that parents pay their attention to the quality of their praise and focus on the efforts rather than the result.”。

3.詞匯轉換

對于“關鍵詞”的轉化和改寫可以采用以下方法:

(1)同義詞法:考生可以根據文/段意、結合關鍵詞的詞義及用法,用同義詞(必要時也可用近義詞)進行“同源”替換。如:too much praise →overpraise。

(2)同義詞組/句法:考生若從記憶中搜尋找不到相關的同義詞(或近義詞),此時,可以轉用同義(或近義)詞組、短語,甚至是句子、句型。轉換時要正確使用,符合邏輯。如第二段可以轉換為:Inadequate praise can be equally harmful.

五、巧用結構詞(組),銜接成文

麻雀雖小,五臟俱全。盡管你速成的是一篇60詞左右的短文,也要運用高級表達,使作品結構合理,渾然一體。文后答案中就運用了however...,in fact...,all in all...等結構詞,使上下文緊密結合,環環相扣,流暢合理。

“結構詞(組)”是文章的“筋骨”和“橋梁”,是句與句、段與段之間的“黏合劑”。根據句意或上下文、前后段關系巧妙運用“過渡詞(組)”,使語句順理成章,邏輯嚴謹;篇章層次井然,渾然一體。尤其是議論文的寫作,考生依據論點、結合論據進行逐層論證時,關聯詞是必不可少的,否則會給人一種雜亂無章的感覺。高考閱卷教師在閱卷時非常注重這一點。同學們在備考訓練時一定要落實相應體裁的寫作規范,形成模式,養成習慣,這樣才能出手有范,行文有序,寫出高水平作文。以下列舉部分關聯詞:

并列關系 and, still, also, as well, as well as, or, besides, when(并列連詞,相當于and then/and at that time)

not only..., but also...; either...or...; neither...nor...; not...but...; some..., others...; both...and...; the former..., the latter...; on the one hand..., on the other hand...

層次關系 first, second, third, finally, first and foremost, lastly but certainly not least, first of all, besides/whats more, finally/lastly/last but not least, for one thing, for another; on the one hand..., on the other hand...

遞進關系 besides, moreover, furthermore, additionally, whats more, in addition, whats worse, to make things worse

條件關系 if, unless, once, when, while, without, in case, on the condition that, as/so long as, in this/that case, only if, if only, but for, suppose/supposing/lets suppose..., provided/proving that...; where there is ..., there is ...

轉折關系 but, however, yet, otherwise, instead, while, when, on the contrary, whereas, nevertheless

讓步關系 though, although, in spite of, despite, when, that, while,regardless of, even though/if, wh-ever(包括however), no matter +wh-(包括how), whether... or...,for all that, in spite of the fact that

評述關系 in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, truth to tell, honestly speaking, generally speaking, strictly speaking, partly speaking, exactly speaking, honestly speaking, personally speaking, roughly speaking, frankly speaking, considering, speaking for oneself, talking of, in ones opinion/view?歸納、

總結 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, in brief, in summary, in short, all in all, at last, in general, eventually, after all, to sum up

六、全方位檢查

考生在寫作時,最好要先打草稿。在打完草稿后,考生可以從以下幾個角度進行全方位檢查,檢查、潤色無誤后再規范、認真地抄在答題紙上。

1.你的作品是否緊扣了文章的主題?

2.關鍵句是否用“變式”手法改寫了?改寫得是否符合文義?

3.“結構詞/組”的使用是否恰當?是否正確表達了“上下文”的結構關系?

4.同義轉換時,高級表達的運用是否恰當?

5.作品的詞數是否合理(以60詞左右為宜)?

2019年浙江卷概要寫作參考答案:

Nowadays parents tend to overpraise their children,which may have bad effects. However, inadequate praise can be equally harmful. In fact, experts suggest that parents pay their attention to the quality of their praise and focus on the efforts rather than the result. All in all, parents should be aware that praise needs to be task-specific and match the amount of efforts of their children have made. (66 words)

對于概要寫作題,考生要想達到提分目的,除了掌握上述解題技巧,備考期間還要進行英語語法知識的積累、詞匯知識的積淀、“變式”表達法的拓展,等等。同時考生還要進行足量的考前模擬訓練,領悟題型特點,掌握解題規律,把握提分技巧。若做好上述諸項,高分作文非你莫屬!

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