美國(guó)航天港

業(yè)主單位：新墨西哥航天港

項(xiàng)目地點(diǎn)：美國(guó)新墨西哥

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：福斯特建筑事務(wù)所

建筑工程/項(xiàng)目管理/結(jié)構(gòu)及機(jī)電工程：URS 公司

合作單位：SMPC 建筑師事務(wù)所

環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)：PHA 咨詢(xún)公司

用地面積：27 880 平方米

總建筑面積：10 219 平方米

設(shè)計(jì)/建造：2006 / 2014 年

攝影：Nigel Young / 福斯特建筑事務(wù)所

Client: New Mexico Spaceport Authority (NMSA)

Location: New Mexico, USA

Architectural Lead Design: Foster + Partners

Architecture and Engineering, Project Manager, Structural and MEP Engineer:URS Corporation

Architecture: SMPC Architects

Environmental Design: PHA Consult

Site Area: 27 880m2including apron

Gross Area: 10 219 m2

Design / Completion: 2006 / 2014

Photography: Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

美國(guó)航天港位于新墨西哥州沙漠類(lèi)景觀(guān)中，是目前世界上首座同類(lèi)型建筑。其設(shè)計(jì)旨在向第一批太空游客傳達(dá)太空旅行的興奮感，同時(shí)把對(duì)環(huán)境造成的影響最小化。從空中看，此航天港讓人想起維珍銀河（Virgin Galactic）的眼睛品牌標(biāo)志，并且讓人聯(lián)想到長(zhǎng)條狀的瞳孔，而停機(jī)坪則構(gòu)成了虹膜。從歷史悠久的皇家大道走近，航天港的有機(jī)形態(tài)在景觀(guān)中呈現(xiàn)出微妙的上升過(guò)程。

在一個(gè)高效、合理的計(jì)劃下，航天港依據(jù)航天器的尺寸設(shè)計(jì)。可訪(fǎng)問(wèn)性和隱私之間也要達(dá)到一種謹(jǐn)慎的平衡。宇航員活動(dòng)區(qū)域和游客空間與建筑的其他部分完全融為一體，而更敏感的區(qū)域——如控制室——是可見(jiàn)的，但進(jìn)入權(quán)限有限。游客和宇航員通過(guò)一條切斷景觀(guān)的深處通道進(jìn)入建筑。擋墻結(jié)構(gòu)圍成了一個(gè)展覽空間，里面記錄了太空探索的歷史，以及有關(guān)該地區(qū)和定居者的故事。通道的強(qiáng)線(xiàn)性軸線(xiàn)繼續(xù)延伸進(jìn)大樓，在一個(gè)有長(zhǎng)廊的高度上到達(dá)超級(jí)機(jī)庫(kù)——里面停有太空船并建有模擬室——穿過(guò)航站樓。跑道上的玻璃立面在候機(jī)樓內(nèi)組成了一個(gè)平臺(tái)，供人們欣賞到達(dá)和離開(kāi)地球的宇宙飛船。

該方案具有最低的隱含碳和少量的額外能源要求，旨在獲得享有盛譽(yù)的LEED 黃金級(jí)認(rèn)證。景觀(guān)中的地勢(shì)經(jīng)挖掘后變低以利用地?zé)幔@緩沖了建筑所受的新墨西哥極端氣候的影響，并利用盛行西風(fēng)來(lái)通風(fēng)；此外還通過(guò)天窗來(lái)最大限度地利用日光。建筑采用了本土材料和區(qū)域性施工技術(shù)，在保持可持續(xù)發(fā)展的同時(shí)，又對(duì)周?chē)h(huán)境保持敏感。

Located in the desert-like landscape of New Mexico, Spaceport is the first building of its kind in the world. Its design aims to articulate the thrill of space travel for the first space tourists while making a minimal impact on the environment. Viewed from space, the terminal evokes Virgin Galactic’s brand logo of the eye, and is suggestive of an elongated pupil, with the apron completing the iris.Approached from the historic El Camino Real trail, the terminal’s organic form appears as a subtle rise in the landscape.

Organized into a highly efficient and rational plan, Spaceport has been designed to relate to the dimensions of the spacecraft. There is also a careful balance between accessibility and privacy.The astronauts’ areas and visitor spaces are fully integrated with the rest of the building, while the more sensitive zones - such as the control room - are visible, but have limited access. Visitors and astronauts enter the building via a deep channel cut into the landscape. The retaining walls form an exhibition space that documents a history of space exploration alongside the story of the region and its settlers. The strong linear axis of the channel continues into the building on a galleried level to the super hangar - which houses the spacecraft and the simulation room - through to the terminal building. A glazed facade on to the runway establishes a platform within the terminal building for coveted views out to arriving and departing spacecraft.

With minimal embodied carbon and few additional energy requirements, the scheme has been designed to achieve the prestigious LEED Gold accreditation. The low-lying form is dug into the landscape to exploit the thermal mass, which buffers the building from the extremes of the New Mexico climate as well as catching the westerly winds for ventilation; and maximum use is made of daylight via skylights. Built using local materials and regional construction techniques, it aims to be both sustainable and sensitive to its surroundings.