“丁丁”的中國游和他的中國向導

Alex Colville

Chinese artist Zhang Chongren helped the Belgian comic strip defy stereotypes—in 1934

The Tintin comic series， telling the global adventures of the Belgian boy reporter， are world-renowned， but the reputation of its creator Georges Rémi （better known by his pen-name “Hergé”） has been taking a battering.

In 2007， the centenary of Hergés birth， the UK Commission for Racial Equality recommended that Tintin in the Congo （1931） be withdrawn from sale due to its “hideous racial prejudice，” as it portrayed the Congolese as kindly but ignorant children in need of the white mans governance. Chinese characters fared little better in the comics， depicted in Tintin in the Land of the Soviets （1930） as pigtailed torturers.

But just four years after the publication of Tintin in the Land of Soviets， Hergés The Blue Lotus saw a complete about-face in the artists portrayal of Chinese people and culture. First published as a serialized comic strip in 1934， Tintins pursuit of a gang of international opium-smugglers through the dens and alleys of Shanghai is a nuanced and underrated dive into the city in the Republican era. Hergés detailed pen captures Shanghais turbulent politics， secluded opium dens， segregated international settlements， Sikh and British police enforcers， and riotously colorful banner-streaked streets. This change was due to an unlikely friendship with the Chinese artist Zhang Chongren （張充仁）， who became Hergés mentor and guide.

The Blue Lotus has a remarkably high 9.1 rating on Chinese review app Douban， with readers praising its nuance and sensitivity in portraying 丁丁 （“Ding Ding，” Tintins name in Chinese） standing up for Chinese in the face of Japanese invaders. Although the Tintin adventures dont enjoy the same popularity in modern China as they do in the West， thousands of reviews have been left on e-commerce sites Taobao and JD praising Hergé for his striking images， funny characters， and engaging plotlines， and for inspiring children to read. The series used to be very popular when pirated pocket editions started appearing in China in the 1980s. “Almost every kid born in the 1970s knew Tintin，” says Song Jingming， a librarian and early fan of the books. “It was one of the few foreign childrens books in the [state-owned] Xinhua Bookstore.”

Hergé appeared to have little initial curiosity about China when he decided on the country for his next work after Cigars of the Pharaoh （ending in February 1934）， according to a biography of the artist by Pierre Assouline originally published in 1996. “I dont know，” he explained to Zhang at the start of his Blue Lotus project in April 1934， when asked about his reason for choosing China. “For a change of continent. [Tintin] has already been to Europe， Africa， America， and the Middle East. Never to Asia.”

When Le Petit Vingtième， the newspaper Hergé worked for， announced that Tintins next adventure was going to take place in China， Father Léon Gosset， chaplain for Chinese students at the University of Louvain， contacted Hergé. Gosset told him of the popularity of the Tintin comic strip with his Chinese students， and how upset they would be if China was treated the same way the Congo had been. “The best thing you can do is to find me a Chinese advisor，” Hergé responded.

Gosset introduced Hergé to several Chinese students living in Louvain， and finally to Zhang in May 1934. At 26， Shanghai-born Zhang was only a year younger than Hergé， having traveled to Brussels to study at the Royal Academy of Beaux-Arts in 1931. He visited Hergé at his home every Sunday throughout 1934. Zhang taught Hergé traditional calligraphy and the basics of Daoist philosophy， and the pair conversed on Chinese current affairs and traditional culture （Zhang was fluent in French）.

The Chinese phrases in the background of the comic strip， painstakingly written out by Zhang， lend extra depth for those who can read Chinese. Phrases written in clerical script from the Old Book of Tang （《舊唐書》）， praising the virtues and determination of ancient doctor Sun Simiao （孫思邈）， furnish the headquarters of the Sons of the Dragon， a secret society dedicated to fighting the opium trade. Ad hoc posters in many of the street scenes call for boycotts of Japanese goods and cry， “Abolish Unfair Treaties！” and “Down with Imperialism！”

Although Zhang had initially agreed to meet Hergé only as a favor to a friend and for the honor of his country， the two became firm friends. Zhang later told Assouline that the artist had offered to give him a co-creditation for the books creation. When Zhang refused （perhaps out of humility）， Hergé suggested Zhang sneak his Chinese name into some of the shop signs that Tintin passes.

Zhangs name was also given to Chang Chong-chen， a Chinese boy whom Tintin saves from drowning （and who in turn saves Tintin from being beheaded later in the book）. Tintins meeting with Chang is an opportunity for Hergé to address the dehumanizing stereotypes Westerners and Chinese had of each other， both remnants of the conflicts of the late Qing dynasty （1616 – 1911）. In the book， Changs previous belief that “all white devils were wicked” is challenged when Tintin saves his life. Tintin counters that lots of Westerners still believed “all Chinese are cruel and cunning and wear pigtails， are always inventing tortures， and eating rotten eggs and swallows nests.” The reader is now in on the joke when British detectives Thompson and Thomson think they have disguised themselves well as Qing mandarins， when in fact theyve decked themselves out in outdated stereotypes that draw a crowd of Chinese roaring with laughter.

Hergé later admitted in an interview that “Zhang was， without knowing it， one of the principal influences on my evolution.” After this adventure， Hergé took care to make sure each place Tintin visited was thoroughly researched and true to reality. Hergé never traveled to the places he packed Tintin off to. According to Assouline， he rarely even left his native Brussels. Before The Blue Lotus， Hergés material had simply been harvested from the crude images he encountered on a daily basis in magazines， newspapers， and films. But now he would source newspaper cuttings and photographs， keeping them in a filing cabinet for future reference. Tintin would no longer rely on imperialist stereotypes， paying such close attention to detail that the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss stated that “Tintin was the comic strip that was the most respectful of world cultures.”

Zhangs fury at the Japanese made its way into the book， where fiction imitates reality. The infamous Mukden Incident of 1931 （when the Japanese blew up a small stretch of railway line and falsely blamed it on Chinese saboteurs， using it as an excuse to invade Manchuria） features prominently in the comic， with the Japanese accusations taken all the way to the League of Nations.

Remarkably， Tintin defends the Chinese not only from Japanese aggressors but bullying Western businessmen—according to Sian Lye in her book The Real Hergé： The Inspiration Behind Tintin， “this sent out a clear anti-racism message， which was revolutionary at this time in Belgium and directly contrasted with the other comic strips in the country.” There was also an anti-imperialist streak in the portrayal of an American businessman named Gibbons， who beats a Chinese waiter for spilling a drink and calls him “yellow scum” while absurdly declaring they should be learning the “manners” of “our superior Western civilization.”

But Hergé was still an artist of his time. The crass caricatures of Chinese that Qian Zhongshu （錢鐘書）， a prominent novelist and literary scholar of the interwar period， once described as “a snub nose， two slanted slits for eyes， and eyebrows so high up and removed from the eyes that the eyebrows and the eyes must have pined for each other，” are transferred to the Japanese baddies. A fairly easy way to spot a Japanese character in this book is to see which East Asians have extra-long teeth， ill-fitting European clothes， and a childish inability to do anything effectively.

The Japanese issued the newspaper with a formal notice of complaint and its ambassador to Belgium demanded the book be banned. But Zhang reassured Hergé that “if the Japanese are angry its because we are telling the truth，” according to Assouline. The comic strips were an instant success among Father Gossets students， and earned Hergé an invitation from First Lady Song Meiling （宋美齡） to travel to China in 1939， but the outbreak of World War II prevented him from doing so.

But the use of stereotypes against the Japanese in the comic strip， despite Hergés new friendship， is a reminder of the difficulty of eradicating prejudices against East Asians. Without Zhangs humanizing influence， it is easy to imagine The Blue Lotus simply becoming a tale of Tintin foiling a group of pigtailed Chinese opium dealers. There is also no escaping the “white savior” element of Tintin becoming the lynchpin of the Sons of the Dragon， without whom the organization was unable to achieve their goals. The book ends with Chinese crowds parading banners of Tintins face through the streets.

There are also drawbacks to Hergés limited source materials， his view of China arranged through selected photographs and Zhangs Shanghai-based view of 1930s China. Shanghais more modern elements （like the Bund） are missing， while the traditional old city walls feature heavily even though they had mostly been demolished in 1912. There is also no mention of the civil war with the Communists.

Zhang left Brussels in September 1935， eventually returning to China at the orders of his family. Hergé barely had time to say goodbye. In his interview with Assouline， Zhang remembered a tall man sprinting onto the platform as the train moved out of Brussels station， waving his handkerchief. Tintin and Chang have a similar farewell in The Blue Lotus—parting with Chang is one of the few times that Tintin is seen to cry in the whole series.

Zhang went on to establish a successful art school in Shanghai， and wouldnt see Hergé again for the next 40 years. He only reunited with his old friend in 1981 in an event organized by the Belgian government. But during that time Hergé never forgot Zhang—“I so desperately want to go to China and find my friend Chang，” he wrote to a journalist friend， Dominique de Wespin， in 1939， when he heard she was traveling to China. He also had a worried Tintin searching for the lost Chang in Tintin in Tibet （serialized in 1958）， written during Hergés battle with depression. Although separated， Hergé yearned for the company of the man who had， according to Assouline， made him “come into his own.”