王元元
【熱身訓練】
閱讀下列各句,在空白處填入適當的內容(不多于3個單詞)或用括號內單詞的適當形式填空。
1. The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ___ (recognize).
2. Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ___ (reduce) to ruins, the city took on a new look.
3. ___ (ask) to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
4. ___ (show) around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
5. While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ___ (persuade) into buying some-thing they don’t really need.
6. ___ (separate) from other countries for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
7. He has always insisted on his ___ (call) Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.
8. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ___ (attack) in the South China Sea.
9. The airport ___ (complete) next year
will help promote tourism in this area.
10. The witnesses ___ (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
(Key ? p. 37)
【語法解析】
I. V-ing形式的被動語態的構成。
當V-ing表示的動作與其邏輯主語存在被動關系時,就應用V-ing形式的被動語態。V-ing形式的被動語態有一般式和完成式兩種。一般式由“being+動詞的過去分詞”構成,表示一個正在進行或與謂語動詞同時發生的被動動作。完成式由“having been+動詞的過去分詞”構成,表示發生在謂語動詞之前的被動動作。
II. V-ing形式的被動語態的句法功能。
(1)V-ing形式的被動語態的一般式,在句中可以做主語、賓語、定語、表語、狀語或補足語等。如:
Being accepted to the university is a great pleasure to her. 被大學錄取對她來說是一件愉快的事情。(主語)
Jack is looking forward to being taken to the Great Wall during the summer holidays. 杰克期望暑假期間被帶到長城。(介詞賓語)
As we approached the village, we saw new houses being put up. 當我們走近村莊時, 我們看見人們正在蓋新房子。(賓語補足語)
Being badly wounded, the soldier could hardly bear the pain. 由于受了重傷,那位戰士幾乎忍受不了疼痛。(原因狀語)
(2)V-ing形式完成式的被動式,即“having been+動詞的過去分詞”,在句中通常做狀語,有時也可做賓語,強調此動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。如:
Having been taken good care of, the baby grows well. 因為受到精心的照料,這孩子長得很好。
Having been defeated many times, he decided to try again. 雖然被擊敗了很多次,可他決定再試一次。
Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? 人們給了她一個這么好的機會,她怎么可能輕易放棄呢?
III. V-ing形式的被動語態的否定式。
V-ing形式的被動語態的否定式是在其前面加not等帶有否定意義的副詞。如:
What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital. 使那男孩最焦慮的是不允許他到醫院去看望他的媽媽。
Tony was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party. 因為沒有被邀請參加聚會,托尼很不高興。
IV. V-ing形式的主動形式表示被動含義。
當need, want, require, be worth后面接V-ing形式時,需用V-ing形式的主動形式表示被動意義。如:
These trees need watering. 這些樹需要澆水了。
The story-book is well worth reading. 這本故事書值得一讀。
【溫馨提示】動詞need, want, require后還可以接不定式的被動式表示被動意義。如:
The desk needs to be repaired. 這張桌子需要修理了。
V. V-ing形式的被動式的復合結構。
當V-ing形式被動式的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時,要在V-ing形式之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格(整個結構做賓語時,可用人稱代詞賓格代替物主代詞,用名詞普通格代替名詞所有格)。如:
I am very pleased at your / you having been honored with a medal. 我很高興你能夠榮獲一枚獎牌。
VI. V-ing形式的被動語態、不定式的被動語態和過去分詞做定語的區別。
V-ing形式的被動語態、不定式的被動語態和過去分詞均可做定語,但是它們在表示的時間上有明顯區別。V-ing形式的被動語態表示正在進行或與謂語動詞同時發生的動作;不定式的被動語態表示將要發生的動作;過去分詞表示已經完成的被動動作。如:
The meeting being held now is of great importance. 正在開的那個會議很重要。 (動作正在進行)
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 在我們準備長時間呆在月球之前仍然有很多問題要解決。(表示動作在將來發生)
Annie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse appointed to guard her. 身殘的Annie Salmon在學校里由一個指定守護她的護士照料著。(表示動作發生在過去)