曾曼麗
動詞不定式,由“to+動詞原形”構成,為非謂語動詞結構,可以用作主語、賓語、賓語補足語、狀語、定語等成分,是初中英語中的一個重點知識,深受中考英語命題者的青睞。對此,筆者就初中英語動詞不定式的用法進行了梳理,以期能夠幫助同學們扎實掌握,運用自如。
一、動詞不定式作主語
(1)動詞不定式用作主語時一般置于句首,其謂語動詞用單數形式。如:To see is to believe(百聞不如一見);To lean out of the window is dangerous(身子探出窗外很危險);To learn English well is very important for students(學好英語對于學生來說至關重要。)
(2)以it置于句首為形式主語,其后所接的動詞不定式為真正的邏輯主語。如:It's our duty to take good care of the old(照顧老人是我們的責任);It's very interesting to swim in summer(夏天游泳很有趣);It is ?a ?bit
difficult to finish the task in three days(三天內完成這項任務有點難度的);It is very convenient to use mobile phones for self-study(用手機自學很方便);It’s kind of you to think so much of us(你如此為我們著想,你真是太好了);It takes me twenty minutes to walk from my home to the school. (從我家走到學校得20分鐘.)
(3)when, what, how, where等疑問詞后接不定式置于句首時,常用作主語。如: Where to go is still being discussed (去哪里還在討論中);How to solve it is still a problem(怎么解決它仍是個問題);When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided. (什么時候開會還沒有定下來。)
二、動詞不定式作賓語
(1)在英語中,hope, learn, agree, refuse, start, afford, promise, afford, hate, decide等及物動詞后可以跟不定式作賓語。如:I hope to
become an excellent doctor.(我希望成為一名出色的醫生); She promised to guard this secret.(她答應保守這個秘密);We can't afford to go abroad ?this year.(今年我們負擔不起出國的費用);She offered to give us a lift.(她主動邀請我們搭車);They decided to go to the countryside on vacation. (他們決定去農村度假。)
(2)tell, learn, know, show, decide, forget, ,wonder, explain, consider, remember ,find out等動詞或詞組,其后可以用“疑問詞+不定式”結構作賓語。如:Please tell us where to mail these letters.(請告訴我們在哪兒寄這些信);He will show us how to play the game.(他將給我們演示怎樣玩這個游戲);We must find out what to do next.(我們一定得弄清楚下一步做什么 );There are so many kinds of mobile phones on sale that I don’t know which to buy.(有這么多的手機在折價銷售,我拿不定主意買哪一種。)
(3)在“feel/think/find/believe/make+it+形容詞/名詞+to do something”句型中,常用it 表示形式賓語,而動詞不定式是真正的邏輯賓語。如: feel it important to study hard.(我覺得努力學習很重要);I think it our duty ?to protect the environment.(我認為保護環境是我們的責任);She found it difficult to get along with that old woman(她發現那個老婦人很難相處);Some people believe it impolite to ask someone's age. ?(有些人認為詢問他人年齡是不禮貌的);The Internet makes it easy to communicate with each other.(互聯網使彼此之間的交流變得很容易。)
三、動詞不定式作狀語
(1)動詞不定式用作目的狀語,可以位于句首、句中,意思是“為了……”,具有突出和強調的作用,常用固定結構則有in order to do, so as to do等。如: To catch the early bus, we got up at 5:00.(為了趕上早班車,我們5點鐘就起床了);In order to earn enough money, he often works late into
the night. (為了賺到足夠的錢, 他經常工作到深夜。)We went early so as to get good seats.(為了占到好座位,我們早早就去了。)
(2)動詞不定式用作結果狀語,常見結構有“too…to do(太……而不)”、“enough…to do(有足夠…做……)” 、“only to do(結果卻)” 、“so/such …as to do”(如此……以至于)等。如:The box is too heavy for me to carry.(這個箱子太重了,我搬不動);He is old enough to finish it for himself.(他已經長大了,足以獨立完成這件事了);We went to see her only to find her out.(我們去看她,結果卻發現她出去了);She is so proud as to look down upon others. (她如此驕傲以至于看不起別人);
(3)動詞不定式用作原因狀語,常用結構是“sb.+be+形容詞+to do ”。如:I’m ?glad to see you(我很高興見到你);She was surprised to see the man(看到這個男子,她很吃驚);They were excited to hear the news.(聽到這個消息他們很激動。)
總之,動詞不定式用法看似簡單,但易于出錯。在平時的英語學習中,同學們要認真學習,熟練掌握其用法,并適當加強訓練。