SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

The Investigation in Japanese Intelligence Department into the International Public Opinion to"Mukden Incident "

Pan Dechang

After" Mukden Incident" Japanese government carried out the investigation into the international public opinion to" Mukden Incidentfor almost two years， whose purpose was to find out the international community's arguments about this incident， even to publicize the legitimacy and grasp the attitude and policy of Europe and America to it. Japanese Intelligence Department mainly investigated the tones and attitudes to Japan in the newspaper in the five countries（ British， America France， Germany and China） . Japanese military intelligence filtered and collected the willfully that were beneficial to Japan， which made a mental preparation for that Japanese government ratified the military operations of Guangdong Army finally， expanded the war situation and withdrew from the League of Nations

The Adjustment of the Lodging Policy for Tojin in Nagasaki by the Shogunate in the Early Period of Fdo

LvPinjing

The trade in Nagasaki flourished in the 17th century. The Chinese merchants came by commercial ship and the inhabitants in Nagasaki together constituted the main body of the Tojin（ Chinese） in Nagasaki. At the beginning， Chinese were allowed to scatter within the city as well as engage in trading activities. However， with the extensive contact between Chinese and Japanese， problems emerged， while the nature of lodging also changed from private to public， which is gradually restricted. Finally， Chinese Residence had been built in 1689， since then Chinese merchants were forced to live in a compact community instead of scattering. The form of lodging was an important item in the policy of the Tokugawa shogunate. The Tokugawa shogunate adjusted the lodging system for Chinese in Nagasaki timely on the basis of the interests and policies. Therefore， the change of the lodging form in Nagasaki reflected the changing process of Japan's foreign policy at that time to a certain extent.

The Replacement of Chinese Values in Edo Japan： Centered on the Sroai School's Double Chinese Perception

Gao Yue

In the pre-modern East Asian world， where the Chinese and Barbarian Order was the value standard， Chung-Hwawas the standard for judging civilization and barbarism. As Japan entered the Edo period， it gradually constructed a" Japanese-style Chung-Hwa orderthat distinguished itself from the Chinese center. At the same time， the standard for Japanese intellectuals to cognitive self and others was still the Chinese and Barbarian Outlook， among which OgyuSorai was the most representative， and the Sorai's School was also famous in the Edo intellectual community for being the resemblance to the" Chung-Hwa. OgyuSorai advocated studying from the" three generations of ancient China， and from this methodology， he combined the reality that the Ming Dynasty was replaced by Qing Dynasty. In his writings， he praised Japanese culture and disparaged the reality of China. Sorai's School represents a microcosm of Japanese perception of China since the seventeenth century： while trying to find a rational explanation for Japanese culture， but was unable to escape from the framework of the traditional chinese and Barbarian outlook. and oscillated back and forth between"Chinaworship"and "Japan 's superiority"

The Democratization Reform of Japan by the United States in the 1960s-Centered on the" Missing Trilogy"of Abe Kobo

Shao Yiping and Liu Yu

Abe Kobo wrote the famous"MissingTrilogy"in the 1960s，including"Suna No Onna"（1962）， "Others'Face"（1964）and "Burning Map"（1967）.In these three works ，the characters in Abe Kobo's works are in a"rootless"state of mind that can 't find their belonging . "Missing"or "rootless"is the state of insanity and floating after Japan's defeat in 1945， which reflects Japan's internal dissatisfaction with the mandatory democratization reform implemented by the United States and Japan's urgent national" root seeking consciousness during the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s. The sense of historical rupture before and after the war， the realistic contrast between forced democratization and rapid economic growth， and the identity crisis of national subjectivity are the keynote of the historical consciousness of the" Missing Trilogy written by Abe Kobo

Deification and Sanctification： The Formation and Transmission of Augustus Worship in the Early Roman Empire

He libo

From the Hellenistic period， especially the Macedonian and the Egyptian Ptolemaic Kingdom deifying king ship and king worship became the important characteristic of the kingship. In Rome， the early republic in the historical memory of the aversion to the monarchy and support republican national mentality. Caesar became the firstGod" ruler in Romans. Augustus established the Principate under"the cloak of the republic"，with the title of"princeps"at the end of the Republic ，and became pontifex， posing asApollo's Son. Public opinion actively promoted and responded to the deification movement of princeps. Augustus worship extended from Rome to Italy and spread widely in the empire. In the eyes of the Romans， Augustus was between men and God， Maximus and the last of God. The Senate after the death of the Augustus to establish a national temple， completed the deification" God" movement， the formation of the early Roman Empire deified the practice of Augustus. Augustus worship was not only a religious but also a political means to realize the organic combination ofKingship and Altar， which became the distinctive feature of Principate of the early Roman Empire.

Literatures and History of the Jewish Hellenization Reform

Zhang Lin

At the beginning of Hellenistic period， the cultural communication between Palestine and Greek mainly concerned on the physical aspect， with Greek culture overwhelmingly holding the superiority whereas there were less Hellenistic features in Judaea. It was not until the Jewish aristocracy leaded by the high priest Jason undertook the Hellenistic reform that the Hellenistic process formally started in Judaean society. The reform was prompted by political interest but the theocratic constitution was not changed. It simply introduced the Greek culture such as the educational constitution， that was the gymnasium and ephebeia， in order to appeal the Jewish people especially the youth to Greek culture.Thus， Jason's reform accelerated the division of Jewish society that was one of the important causes of the Maccabean Revolt and the establishing of Hasmonean dynasty. The conservative Jewish people could not be kept away from the historical period when Hellenistic culture was widely spread so that Hellenism and anti-Hellenism was a basic line of Jewish history at that time.

Bes Cult in Ancient Egypt

Du Xueting

As one of the Ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses， the image of the god Bes was different from the traditional Egyptian gods and goddesses; it was often depicted as a standing dwarf and changed and developed with the change of dynasties， and its functions also changed and developed with the change of image and intermingled with other Ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses. As the protector of the body of the deceased in Ancient Egypt， the protector of the family， the protector of nature， the protector of women in childbirth， and the protector of children， the cult of the god Bes was in line with the needs of the daily productive life of the Ancient Egyptians， especially the social dwarf groups.

The Consciousness ofUniversal History" in Fernand Braudel's Historical NarrationRethinking on"LongueDuree"

Yuan Hongjun

Fernand Braudel 's "longue duree"theory was widely known for its"time"appearance of multiple rhythms" in historical changes. While in Braudel's view， the thought of" spaceis just as important as time for hislonguedureetheory. In his practice of historical narration， Braudel tried to unify"time"and "space"，showing a broad consciousness of"universalhistory".This unity of time and space firstly means that Braudel attempts to establish a comprehensive discipline based on the integrity of historical experience. Secondly， it also means rethinking about historical events and historical relics within the framework of the rupture of history. In the context of" universal history paying attention to the"spaceof" longue duree" and restarting the thinking of the relationship betweenhistorical time and historical space" will help to break the stereotype ofhistory is a science of time" from the root of epistemology and find more possible path ways for" the liberation of the past".

Education Reform in the Second Spanish Republic and Its Historical Significance

Gu Jiawei

With the establishment of the extensive Republican-Socialist Left Wing Alliance， the Second Spanish Republic was founded in April 1931. The tradition of left-wing intellectuals seeking to modernize the country through education and the government's need to spread republican ideas combined to make educational reform the precursor of a series of social changes in the Republic. The Education reform achieved fruitful results by promoting education secularization， training advanced teachers for the Republic， promoting public and rural education and so on. However， due to the neglect and improper handling of the fundamental social contradictions by the government of the Republic， the reform lost the support of the masses with intensifying internal contradictions within the Left wing Alliance. On the other hand， Spanish society had been deeply influenced by theocracy monarchy and oligarchy for a long time. The obstruction and destruction of the right-wing groups not only led to the deadlock of the reform， but also later subverted the regime of the Republic. The rise and failure of the education reform can be regarded as the epitome of the establishment and collapse of the Second Spanish RepubliC. At the same time， as an important part of spain s democratization and modernization process， there is still has its own influences today

On the Evolution of Commercial Legal System in Medieval Germany——Centering on Fair Law

Zhang Wanchun

Based on the high combination of European fair， trade and city， medieval Germany showed strong advantages and characteristics of late-comer， and formed a system of fair， commercial trade and medieval merchant law that can be handed down to the present. The formation of German commercial alliances such as the Rhine League， the Swaben League and the Hanseatic League also indicated the development of its fair， commercial power and commercial law. The fair law and commercial law of medieval Germany are closely related， which reflected the magisterium and the verticality of power management and merchant trading and equality in dispute resolution， formed the rudiment of international commercial law system such as commercial treaty and commercial consul， laid a strong gene and foundation for the inheritance of modern commercial law system， and opened the prelude to the formulation of commercial law and commercial code of Germany. Germany became one of the two pillars of the civil law system in the process of merchant law legislation and the codification of civil and commercial separation. The research and legislation of economic law after the inheritance and variation of medieval merchant law also showed a global leading advantage.

The Historical Evolution of the Relationship between Egyptian Secular Regime and Islamic Forces in the First Half of the 19th Century

Wang Tai

In the first half of the 19th century， with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt and the establishment of Muhammad Ali's dynasty， the relationship of Egypt's secular regime and Islamic forces entered a new development stage， which was also a transition period in which Islamic religious forces were more declining. After Napoleon invaded Egypt， he implemented a dual policy of both using and attacking the traditional religious forces in Egypt， and brought the Western secular culture into Egypt for the first time. Muhammad Ali's reform had distinctive characteristics of westernization and secularization but the establishment， consolidation and development of his power and its subsequent military expansion need the support of Islamic forces in Egypt. However， Ali's regime is a secular regime after all. Through the abolition of Egypt's traditional tax system， the re-establishment of the land system the implementation of cultural and educational reform with strong secular effects， as well as the military suppression of Wahhabi and the war against the Ottoman Caliph， the Islamic political forces in Egypt had been further weakened.

Exchanges between China and Yancai-Alan in the Han Dynasty

Zhang Longhai

Since modern times， a large number of Chinese artifacts from the Han Dynasty were found in the tombs of Yancai and Alans， which shows that they had a close relationship with China at that time According to historical records， there were direct contacts between China and Yancai-Alan during the Han Dynasty. Yancai and Alans might even directly participated in the trade operations of Chinese merchants. At the same time， China also had indirect contacts with Yancai and Alan， and such contacts should be a normality. The continued interaction even influenced the cultural customs of Yancai and Alans， who gradually became accustomed to using objects with Chinese elements in their lives. There is no doubt that Yancai and Alan were important participants in the northern branch of Silk Road， and they connected the important channel of material and cultural exchanges between the East and the West through various ways of external exchanges.