張妮
摘? 要:當(dāng)前,幼兒入園產(chǎn)生的分離焦慮問(wèn)題越來(lái)越普遍,這種分離焦慮如果得不到科學(xué)引導(dǎo),會(huì)極大地影響幼兒的身心健康發(fā)展。通過(guò)對(duì)甘肅地區(qū)幼兒園的幼兒仔細(xì)剖析和探究發(fā)現(xiàn),家園共育下甘肅地區(qū)幼兒入園分離焦慮的主要原因有三個(gè),即幼兒自身原因、幼兒園原因、家長(zhǎng)原因。要想幫助幼兒順利入園并降低焦慮感,不僅需要正確引導(dǎo)幼兒,提升幼兒的適應(yīng)能力,還需要幼兒園做出改革,營(yíng)造“親民”的教學(xué)環(huán)境,家長(zhǎng)也要學(xué)會(huì)“放手”,理智看待幼兒入園的分離焦慮問(wèn)題。
關(guān)鍵詞:家園共育;幼兒;幼兒園;分離焦慮
【中圖分類號(hào)】G616?????? 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A???????? 【文章編號(hào)】1005-8877(2021)27 -0039-02
A Study on the Countermeasures for Separation Anxiety of Gansu Preschool Children Entering Kindergarten
ZHANG Ni? (Kindergarten in Southern District,Heshui County,Qingyang City,Gansu Province,China)
【Abstract】At present,separation anxiety problems caused by children entering kindergartens are becoming more and more common. If this separation anxiety is not scientifically guided,it will greatly affect the physical and mental health of children. Through careful analysis and exploration of children in kindergartens in Gansu,it is found that there are three main reasons for the separation anxiety of children entering kindergartens in Gansu under the family-kindergarten co-education,namely,the children themselves,the kindergarten,and the parents. To help children enter the kindergarten smoothly and reduce their anxiety,it is not only necessary to correctly guide the children and improve their adaptability,but also kindergartens need to make reforms to create a “people-friendly” teaching environment,and parents must also learn to “l(fā)et go” and treat the separation anxiety problem of children entering the kindergarten rationally.
【Keywords】Home-kindergarten co-education;Children;Kindergarten;Separation anxiety
分離焦慮癥指的是嬰幼兒與某個(gè)人建立了聯(lián)系,產(chǎn)生了依賴心理后,又要與所依賴的人分離,就會(huì)表現(xiàn)出一系列的情緒問(wèn)題,如傷心、痛苦、撕心裂肺等。這種情況在剛?cè)雸@的小班幼兒中更是嚴(yán)重。在幼兒園快速發(fā)展過(guò)程中,幼兒入園分離焦慮問(wèn)題始終成為困擾,不僅影響著幼兒的情緒、家長(zhǎng)的正常生活,而且關(guān)系到幼兒園的持續(xù)運(yùn)行,亟待對(duì)其進(jìn)行解決。幼兒心理學(xué)中將幼兒入園分離焦慮定義為幼兒在心理上過(guò)于依賴從小就熟悉的環(huán)境和親人,離開(kāi)親人到新環(huán)境中而產(chǎn)生的焦慮感。實(shí)踐中,不僅幼兒會(huì)產(chǎn)生入園分離焦慮,家長(zhǎng)也會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種焦慮感,且這種焦慮感會(huì)持續(xù)對(duì)幼兒進(jìn)行感染,強(qiáng)化幼兒的焦慮。所以要想解決幼兒入園分離焦慮問(wèn)題,不僅要從幼兒入手,更要從家長(zhǎng)入手。
1. 甘肅地區(qū)幼兒入園分離焦慮的影響
(1)影響幼兒身心健康發(fā)展
幼兒剛?cè)雸@不久,因?yàn)椴贿m應(yīng)新的環(huán)境和人,這種陌生感導(dǎo)致他們不會(huì)主動(dòng)找同伴玩,不能與班級(jí)中的幼兒相互溝通,會(huì)感覺(jué)到較為孤單,并且不愿意參與到集體活動(dòng)中,這會(huì)阻礙幼兒平衡力、協(xié)調(diào)能力以及身體動(dòng)作的發(fā)展,繼而影響到幼兒的身心健康。同時(shí),幼兒的過(guò)分焦慮,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致其出現(xiàn)精神勞累,想入到極度恐懼的狀態(tài)中,這很容易導(dǎo)致其出現(xiàn)心理疾病和心理障礙,如果長(zhǎng)期難以從焦慮中走出來(lái),還會(huì)反映在身體上,如導(dǎo)致幼兒出現(xiàn)食欲不振、嘔吐不止等問(wèn)題,對(duì)其健康發(fā)展帶來(lái)了極大的損害。
(2)影響幼兒人際交往能力的形成
人際交往是一項(xiàng)重要的能力,影響著幼兒未來(lái)的環(huán)境融入和校園生活。因?yàn)橛變航煌黧w一般是由同伴、家長(zhǎng)、教師等構(gòu)成的,所以,其交往類型也主要有同伴交往、親子交往、師幼交往等,新入園的幼兒因?yàn)槊媾R嚴(yán)重的焦慮困惑,所以與同伴的交往較少,有礙于語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力以及自信心的提升。且幼兒如果長(zhǎng)期難以得到教師的表?yè)P(yáng)和關(guān)注,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致其失去人際交往的勇氣與信心,內(nèi)心會(huì)較為脆弱和敏感,這就會(huì)影響到未來(lái)工作事務(wù)的處理以及人際交往能力。所以應(yīng)當(dāng)注重對(duì)幼兒入園分離焦慮問(wèn)題的解決,通過(guò)多種措施降低這種焦慮感對(duì)幼兒的負(fù)面影響。