在同一屋檐下
——功能混合建筑的進化史

KPF建筑事務所/KPF

隨著全球城市人口的迅速集中，人們對城市生活的多樣化、活躍度及便利性需求日益增加。大量遷居城市的人口要求城市建筑具有多重功能，且運行良好，而資源短缺等全球問題對城市建筑提出了更高的多功能要求。真正將住宅、商業(yè)、文化和運輸功能融為一體的功能混合項目將各項活動并入一棟建筑或一個社區(qū)。在擁擠的城市中采用并細致地執(zhí)行功能混合項目是社會發(fā)展的必然趨勢。

綜合體并非新形態(tài)。古羅馬時代建在多層建筑中，包含商店和公寓的圖拉真市場（公元前110年）是世界上最早的綜合體項目之一。歷史學家認為市場的騎樓曾是圖拉真皇帝的辦公樓，目前已經(jīng)發(fā)掘藏書室遺址。汽車和電信技術在20世紀的崛起擴大了人們的居住范圍，建筑物飛速建設、在城市中蔓延。過去30年來，越來越多的人口遷入城市，綜合體建筑物經(jīng)歷了重大的考驗和新生。這期間，KPF對綜合體建筑形式的發(fā)展做出了貢獻。

1 圖拉真市場（公元前110年）/Trajan's Market (110 AD)

2 北密歇根大道900號/900 North Michigan Avenue

3 日本鐵路中央雙塔和車站/JR Central Towers and Station

始于芝加哥

KPF于1989年完成的北密歇根大道900號是壯麗大道最早的垂直、多功能大樓之一。項目融合了5種功能：Bloomingdales為首的購物中心、四季酒店、大樓下部的辦公樓、高層的托管公寓、規(guī)模居全市前列的大型停車場。大樓高260m，4個燈籠狀的結構體構成大樓頂部，以美妙、統(tǒng)一的姿態(tài)融入芝加哥天際線。北密歇根大道900號是KPF設計的第一個功能混合項目。

得益于租戶和居民希望界面保持美觀、引人入勝的共同愿望，每一個樓層的價值都得到了提升。北密歇根大道900號表明，同建筑元素本身一樣，不同的功能可以相互聚集，產(chǎn)生新的協(xié)同效應，起到1+1＞2的作用。

繼被密歇根大道900號的成功之后，KPF承接了日本鐵路中央雙塔的車站的設計工作，項目位于日本名古屋，2000年完工，包括10.22hm2（1,100,,000ft2）的辦公面積、一家有700多間客房的酒店、10個飯店、一個4645m2（50,000ft2）的會議中心。日本鐵路中央雙塔的特別之處在于項目建于全世界最大的火車站——名古屋車站之上。車站含2條國營鐵路線、2條私營鐵路線、4條地鐵線、日本鐵路和城市公交線路，以及新干線子彈頭列車。項目分地下和地上兩部分，可一覽名古屋全貌，中間設置辦公、餐飲、住宿、會議設施。項目將北密歇根大道900號的商業(yè)協(xié)同效應巧妙融入整個車站，不僅以10~15層的高空公共空間和空中街道開創(chuàng)了垂直生活的先河，還連接公共交通，成為首個成功的TOD項目之一。

功能混合建筑進入新階段

進入21世紀，KPF設計了多個備受關注的功能混合建筑，包括2003年竣工的東京六本木之丘，迄今仍然是日本有史以來規(guī)模最大的私營城市改造項目。另外還包括位于中國的幾個項目，2010年竣工的環(huán)球貿(mào)易廣場，包括了辦公、酒店以及其下的新建交通樞紐；2012年竣工的希慎廣場，包括32層辦公和商業(yè)空間，直接連通銅鑼灣站。

一邊在街區(qū)功能混合項目中積累專門的知識，一邊在另一個街區(qū)功能混合項目中實施改進，不斷提高質量。倫敦科文特花園以悠久的歷史、深厚的文化底蘊和建筑內(nèi)涵而聞名于世，其第一次總體規(guī)劃可追溯到1609年。在科文特花園項目中，為了實現(xiàn)街區(qū)的整體改進，混合功能開發(fā)的理念延伸到了項目的方方面面。科文特花園倍受擁堵、破舊的設施、密集的游客等問題困擾，成為令倫敦本地人敬而遠之的地區(qū)。KPF運用綜合體環(huán)境方面的專業(yè)知識把古老的科文特花園視作一個產(chǎn)生各種不同體驗的功能實體。總體規(guī)劃提出3個主要措施：公共區(qū)域改造、建筑遺產(chǎn)的保護與再定位、用新建筑更換不起作用的過時建筑。

21世紀以來的項目體現(xiàn)了綜合考慮建筑體量和城市尺度的設計方法。項目集文化場所、公園綠地、可通行購物區(qū)、可通行娛樂區(qū)及無縫銜接的交通樞紐等功能為一體，豐富了所在城市的肌理，吸引了大量游客之外，還引來了優(yōu)質租戶，從而在城市的活力中心占據(jù)一席之地。

哈德遜廣場是美國有史以來最大的私人房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)項目，一期項目的建設面積達105.35hm2（11,340,000ft2），由KPF主持項目的設計工作。有機協(xié)調(diào)基礎設施和建筑設計的人性化設計方法是哈德遜廣場項目的根本特點。為了實現(xiàn)瑞聯(lián)的藍圖，設計用兩個平臺串起長島鐵路公司30多條在用的鐵軌。目前正在鐵路站場頂上建設52層和90層的大樓。建成后的大樓將穿過平臺上升，沉箱樁鉆至兩條鐵路線中間的基巖，為結構提供支撐。哈德遜廣場集公私、交通、零售、商業(yè)、居住和教育為一體，

功能混合建筑不斷演進，在當今仍有舉足輕重的意義：在日本，六本木之丘和日本鐵路中央雙塔成為人口大城市中的交通基礎設施和聯(lián)系交織的城市社區(qū)；在中國，上海環(huán)球金融中心和環(huán)球貿(mào)易廣場分別成為上海和香港的垂直空間代表和文化符號。隨著城市的不斷發(fā)展，功能混合建筑還將成為提高城市人性化程度和包容性的重要形式，對未來城市的成功至關重要。□

4.5 日本鐵路中央雙塔和車站/JR Central Towers and Station

Today, with the world's cities quickly crowding, the demand for the variety, activity, and convenience of urban living has never been greater. Compounded by global issues such as resource scarcity, the migration to cities is placing great responsibility on urban buildings to do many things, and do them well. Mixed-use development, the physically integrated combination of residential, commercial, cultural, and transportation functions, consolidates activity within a structure or neighbourhood. In our densifying cities, the adoption and thoughtful execution of mixed-use development is a necessity.

The mixed-use typology is not new; one of the first examples is Trajan's Market (110 AD) of ancient Rome with both shops and apartments built in a multi-level structure. Historians believe that the building's arcades were administrative offices of Emperor Trajan, and the remains of a library have been excavated. The rise of the automobile and telecommunication technologies in the 20th Century, meant dispersion. Sprawl prevailed. However, as the population has increasingly migrated into cities over the past thirty years, the mixed-use building has experienced a period of great experimentation and rebirth. At each period, KPF has been a major contributor to the evolution of the mixed-use building type.

It Started in Chicago

The completion of KPF's 1989, 900 North Michigan Avenue was one of the first buildings on Magnificent Mile with a vertical, varied programme. The building combines five major uses: a shopping mall with Bloomingdales as an anchor tenant; a Four Seasons Hotel; office space in the tower's lower section; condominiums on the higher floors; and one of the city's largest parking garages. With four "lanterns" forming a crown at 260 metres, the tower punctuates Chicago's skyline with a sophisticated, unified expression. 900 North Michigan was the first of its kind for KPF, and remains the 8th tallest building in the city today.

This milestone project wasn't only great for its city, it was pivotal for its developers and became a highly lucrative and sought after address. The value of each floor benefitted from the common desire among tenants and residents alike for a street front that invited the city in. It offered proof to the development industry that different uses, like architectural elements themselves, could be brought together to form a new kind of synergy, with a combined effect greater than the sum of its parts.

From 900 North Michigan's success, KPF was commissioned to design the Japan Rail Central Towers and Station, completed in 2005 in Nagoya, Japan that includes 102,193 m2(1.1 million square feet) of office space, a 700-room hotel, 10 restaurants, and a 4645 m2(50,000-square-foot) convention centre. What made the JR Central Towers extraordinary was the fact that they were built over the largest train station in the world, Nagoya station. The station comprises two national and two private railway lines, four subway lines, Japan Rail and city bus lines, as well as the bullet train Tokaido Shinkansen. This project physically connects the subterranean to sweeping views of the city of Nagoya, with places to work, eat, sleep, and meet in between. It took the commercial synergies of 900 North Michigan and merged them seamlessly with an entire nation's transportation infrastructure. The project was not only pioneer for vertical living, with public spaces and sky streets to located 10 and 15 stories in the air, but its link to public transportation makes it one of the first and most-successful transit-oriented developments.

6 六本木之丘功能混合分析/The mixed-use of Roppongi Hills

7 哈德遜廣場功能混合分析/The mixed-use of Hudson Yards

8 環(huán)球貿(mào)易廣場功能混合分析/The mixed-use of International Commerce Centre, Union Square

The Next Phase of the Mixed-Use Building Evolution

In the 2000s, KPF designed some of the most frequently cited mixed-use projects, including Roppongi Hills, completed 2003 in Tokyo, which remains the largest private-sector urban redevelopment in Japan's history. Several projects in China followed, such as the International Commerce Centre was completed in 2010, with offices, the world's highest hotel, and a new transportation hub beneath; and Hysan Place followed in 2012 with 32 floors and of offices and retail outlets, and a direct link to the Causeway Bay Station.

The expertise gained in the creation of one mixed-use neighbourhood led to the improvement of another. Covent Garden, with its first existing master plan dating back to 1609, is a renowned district with a culturally and architecturally rich history. In Covent Garden in London, this kind of mixed-use thinking was extended to fine-tune elements for the overall improvement of the neighbourhood. Plagued by congestion, run-down facilities, and intensive tourism, Covent Garden had become an avoidable destination for Londoners. KPF's expertise in mixeduse environments allowed the firm to believe in this historic section of London as a single functioning entity that could sponsor a great diversity of experience. Three major actions are proposed in the master plan: public realm improvements, conservation and re-positioning of the heritage assets, and the replacement of non-contributing outdated buildings with new architecture. The knowledge gained from KPF's projects in nearly every international city has primed KPF to take on this historic neighbourhood and convert it into a worldclass urban mixed use district.

The projects of the early 2000s represented a new approach to mixed-use design that coalesced at the scale of a building, but also at the scale of entire districts. The integration of cultural spaces, public parks, walkable shopping and entertainment areas, and seamless transit connections enriched the urban fabric in their cities. These districts attracted many visitors and lured blue-chip tenants to lease tower floors in order to secure a place at the most vibrant addresses in their cities.

The largest and most notable mixed-use development today is the Related Companies' Hudson Yards on the far west side of Manhattan. The largest private real estate development in the history of the United States, the first phase of Hudson Yards will see 1.05km2(11,340,000ft2) (1,053,520 m2) of construction. Drawing on the experience gained over 20 years in complex, mixeduse construction, KPF is leading the design of the development. Hudson Yards' defining characteristic is the humanistic design approach to seamlessly blending infrastructure with architectural designs. To complete Related's ambitious master plan, two platforms will bridge 30 active Long Island Rail Road train tracks. Two towers, at 52 stories and 90 stories respectively, are now under construction atop of the rail yards. Finished buildings will extend through the platform and rise above, with caissons drilled deep into the bedrock between rail lines to support the structures. The combination of the public and private interests, transportation, retail, commerce, residences and education makes Hudson Yards the most complex mixed-use project in New York since Rockefeller Centre.

The popularity of the mixed-use typology has travelled where it is needed. In Japan, Roppongi Hills and JR Central Towers provided transportation infrastructure and tight-knit urban community in the country's most populous cities. Spreading to China, projects like the Shanghai World Financial Centre and International Commerce Centre, implemented muchneeded vertical density and cultural symbolism in Shanghai and Hong Kong. As cities continue to grow, the mixed-use building will serve as an important tool to densify a humanising manner, and will be critical to the success of the city in the future.□

9-12 哈德遜廣場/Hudson Yards（攝影/Photo: ?Connie Zhou）

13 哈德遜廣場/Hudson Yards（攝影/Photo: ?Garrett Rowland）

14 哈德遜廣場剖透視/The perspective of Hudson Yards（圖片 來源/Sources: ?KPF）