政產學協同推動東盟實現能源轉型

阿爾弗雷德·古寧 里斯基·普特拉 莎妮婭·馬納洛

東盟想在東南亞建立單一市場一體化，由此帶來的經濟快速增長導致能源需求不斷上升，能源問題亟待解決。

根據《第6版東盟能源展望》，到2040年，東盟能源需求將會大幅上升，增幅達146%。除了能源安全問題，能源需求上升還會導致溫室氣體排放量增加，預計到2040年達到4171噸二氧化碳當量。保持能源需求穩定是該地區的重大關切，尤其是在當地受氣候變化影響環境脆弱的情況下。

為了解決問題，東盟各國能源部長支持通過了區域能源發展藍圖，即第二階段《東盟能源合作行動計劃》（2021-2025年），各國一致認同創新是區域實現能源轉型、能源安全和能源可持續發展的關鍵因素。

在《東盟能源合作行動計劃》框架下，東盟制訂了一系列措施，促使利益相關方挖掘創新潛力，實現地區宏偉目標，包括降低32%的能耗強度、到2025年將可再生能源在能源結構中的比重提高至23%。

東盟實現能源轉型需要政府、產業和大學的共同努力和合作。

研究發現，三螺旋模型通過“政府機構”“商業模式創新”“財務現金流”三位一體來解決能源項目的價值創造，從而推動戰略創新。

作為一種決策工具，這一模型在政府、產業、大學中應用廣泛。

政府、企業、大學都是三螺旋的重要成員：大學承擔研發工作，產業推動研究成果商業化，政府負責規范相關市場。三者在這一模型下相互作用，推動創新合作向縱深發展。

政府決策和目標固然重要，但政產學協同為實現清潔能源系統競爭優勢的戰略創新提供了一個有意義的框架。此外，通過三者合作創建可持續的能源—氣候關系，有利于推動清潔能源的使用。

但東盟當下的三螺旋倡議，無論在國家還是區域層面，仍需提升才能達到最理想的效果。問題的根源在于該倡議并未把政府、產業、大學三者融合起來，而只關注其中一者或兩者。這種單邊或雙邊關系削弱了東盟推進能源轉型的潛力。

例如在泰國，研究顯示盡管政府為加強產學合作做出了努力，但這種合作似乎嚴重依賴教育。在馬來西亞，盡管根據《2013年馬來西亞教育、科學和創新指數報告》，該國在144個國家的產學研發中排名18，但對制造業的研究表明，和產業、社區的聯系仍不如預期廣泛。

在區域層面，政產學三者融合不夠緊密的問題同樣存在，盡管已經有了明顯改善。2021年，東盟能源商業論壇下設的第一屆東盟能源和環境國際論壇首次有了大學的參與。東盟能源商業論壇是決策者和行業領袖共同參與的高水平能源會議，其下設的能源環境論壇則是該地區第一個研究能源氣候相關問題的科學會議。

盡管取得了這一里程碑式的成果，但實現更大范圍、更切實具體的政產學融合仍任重道遠。

政產學合作的標準解決方案和最佳載體就是建立合作研究中心，將其作為一個獨立的政府機構或項目，直接有效地將三者聯系起來。

一些發達國家，如美國、日本、西班牙、意大利等已經采取了這一做法。地區內，新加坡最近成立了自己的合作研究中心Ecolabs，致力于推動能源發展。印尼也提出了發展合作項目，如Pasikola，旨在減輕城市交通負擔。

成熟先進的研究中心能有效激發創新，并在國家層面上推動制定可持續的能源政策。由新加坡能源創新中心EcoLabs負責的一個旗艦項目利用初創技術和社區建設可持續的初創城市，旨在比現代大城市消耗更少的能源、水資源、食物和土地。

2021年9月30日，東盟成立了潔凈煤技術卓越中心，將其作為潔凈煤利用的區域合作研發中心，以提高效率和環境容受性。

2019年，東盟能源中心還啟動了兩個網絡中心，促進該地區工程研究所、學術機構和決策者在增強可再生能源和生物能源專業知識方面的合作。

東盟新興的合作研究中心和計劃能否和其他老牌的研究中心一樣收效甚多還有待觀察。

東盟需要在第二階段《東盟能源合作行動計劃》框架下，推動實現更大規模的政產學合作，充分發揮東盟能源中心的關鍵作用，助推區域內的同類合作。

毫不夸張地說，只有擴大政產學合作，東盟才能最大程度實現能源轉型，恢復韌性，走上繁榮之路。政府、產業和大學必須繼續共同努力，解決共同面臨的能源挑戰。

來源：《東盟郵報》

編譯：陳志瑩

本文僅代表作者觀點，不代表本刊立場

As the ASEAN Economic Community （AEC） aims to create a single market integration in Southeast Asia， rising energy demand arising from rapid economic growth will need to be addressed.

According to The 6th ASEAN Energy Outlook， ASEAN’s energy demand will increase substantially by 146% by 2040. Aside from energy security issues， the aftermath of this rising energy demand is the increase in greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions， potentially reaching 4，171 Mt CO2-eq in 2040. Therefore， it is a significant concern for the region to sustain the rising energy demand， especially concerning the vulnerability due to the climate change impact in the area.

To address these concerns， the ASEAN Energy Ministers endorsed the regional energy blueprint， ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation （APAEC） Phase II： 2021-2025， where ASEAN agreed that innovation is a highly crucial component in balancing the region’s energy transition， security， and sustainability.

Under the APAEC， ASEAN has set out strategies that enable relevant stakeholders to tap into the potential of innovations for achieving a regional aspirational target， including 32% of energy intensity reduction and 23% share of Renewable Energy （RE） in the energy mix by 2025.

The pathway to ASEAN’s energy transition requires conjoined efforts and cooperation from the Government， Industry， and Academe.

Research has found that triple-helix contexts can contribute to strategic innovation by the cross-disciplinary trinity of “organization”， “business model innovation” and “financial cash flow” to address value creation on energy projects.

The triple-helix model has gained prominence as a policy-making tool among the three sectors — Government， Industry， and Academe.

Each sector plays a prominent role， with Academe undertaking research and development， Industries accelerating the commercialisation， and Governments regulating the relevant markets. The model involves the three sectors collaboratively interacting to enhance innovation and cooperation further.

While government policies and targets are essential， it is shown that triple-helix discussions provide a meaningful frame to achieve strategic innovation for the competitive advantage of a clean energy system. Moreover， it is possible to boost clean energy adoption by implementing triple-helix cooperation to create a sustainable energy-climate nexus.

However， ASEAN’s existing triple-helix initiatives at the national and regional level still have significant potential for improvement to reach the optimum output. The problem stems from the initiatives lacking a comprehensive integration of the three sectors， with initiatives only spotlighting either one of the two sectors. These one-sided or bilateral relationships diminish the potential of advancing energy transition for ASEAN.

In Thailand， for example， research has shown that although the government has made efforts to strengthen the university and industry collaborations， the collaboration seemed to rely heavily on education. In Malaysia， although based on the Malaysian Science， Technology， and Innovation Indicators Report 2013， the country ranked 18th out of 144 countries in terms of University-Industry in R&D — research on manufacturing industries shows that engagement levels with the industries and community is still not as extensive as expected.

The exact minimum integration of all three sectors is observed at the regional level， albeit a noticeable improvement. For the first time， the 2021 ASEAN Energy Business Forum （AEBF）， a high-level energy conference for policymakers and industry’s business leaders， involved the academes through the 1st ASEAN International Conference on Energy and Environment （AICEE）. AICEE served as the region’s first scientific conference to share recent research on energy and climate-related issues.

Despite this milestone， a greater and concrete trilateral integration of the three sectors needs to be pursued.

A standard solution and a preeminent vessel for triple-helix cooperation are establishing a Collaborative Research Centre （CRC）， an independent governmental agency or programme， directly and efficiently linking the three players.

This has been done by several developed countries such as the United States， Japan， Spain （Gijon）， and Australia. Within the region， Singapore has also recently established its CRC specifically for energy development — the EcoLabs， and Indonesia have initiated several collaborative programmes， such as the Pasikola project.

Mature and progressive research centres have proven to trigger innovation and act as a driving force for sustainable energy policies at the national level. One of the Flagship projects， conducted by EcoLabs Singapore， involves stimulating and building a sustainable start-up city with start-up technologies and communities that aim to consume less energy， water material， food， and land footprint than modern megacity.

Recently， ASEAN has followed suit with the ASEAN Centre of Excellence for Clean Coal Technology on September 30， 2021， which will serve as a collaborative regional R&D Centre on clean coal utilization processes to enhance efficiency and environmental acceptability.

In 2019， ASEAN Centre for Energy （ACE） also initiated two network centres to instigate collaboration in enhancing knowledge and expertise on RE and bioenergy development between engineering institutes， academies， and policymakers in the region.

It remains to be seen whether ASEAN’s nascent CRC and its plans will reap the same output similar to other long-established CRCs.

Additionally， ASEAN needs to continue and further encourage more ambitious triple-helix cooperation under the implementation of APAEC Phase II， with the decisive role of ACE as the catalyst to help facilitate such collaboration in the region.

It is not an understatement to say that only when triple-helix cooperation is amplified will ASEAN attain energy transition and resilience to its maximum potential and walk the path to prosperity. The three sectors must continue to collectively work together and unravel the common problem of addressing ASEAN’s energy challenges.

· Source： The ASEAN Post

The article only represents author’s views， not the

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