推理判斷題備考策略

四川 蔣建平（特級(jí)教師）

一、命題解讀

推理判斷題屬于高層次閱讀理解題，要求考生在閱讀過(guò)程中把握表面和隱含的意思，并把已知和未知的信息聯(lián)系起來(lái)。 考生須以文章所提供的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，經(jīng)過(guò)分析思考而形成一定的觀點(diǎn)?？忌毐M量考慮文中的全部信息和事實(shí)，在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上去領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意，并做出正確的推斷，這是對(duì)文章的深層次理解。 推理的原則是據(jù)文推理、合情推理，不可妄加推理、過(guò)度推理。推理判斷題主要考查考生推斷隱含意義、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度、寫(xiě)作意圖、文章出處等的能力。

推理判斷題題干常含有表示“表明”“暗示”“推論”的單詞，如infer、imply、suggest、conclude、learn、intend、mean、show等； 有時(shí)含有表示推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞， 如can、could、might、would等和其他表示可能性的詞，如probably、most likely、seem等。

主要類(lèi)型干擾項(xiàng)主要特點(diǎn)推斷隱含意義推斷觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度推斷寫(xiě)作意圖推斷人物性格顛倒是非：選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與推斷出的結(jié)果相反文不對(duì)題：照搬原文事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，不需要推斷推理過(guò)度：把文中某些個(gè)案絕對(duì)化或擴(kuò)大化主觀臆斷：依據(jù)個(gè)人認(rèn)知而非文章內(nèi)容推斷

二、解題策略

1. 推斷隱含意義

隱含意義推斷題主要考查考生根據(jù)特定信息和全篇、全段或上下文邏輯關(guān)系，結(jié)合相關(guān)信息的暗示，理解文章寓意或隱含的深層意義的能力。這類(lèi)推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論證材料進(jìn)行推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論，由已知結(jié)果推測(cè)導(dǎo)致該結(jié)果的可能原因或根據(jù)已有的原因推斷可能的結(jié)果。 考生要準(zhǔn)確把握文章的隱含意義，理解文章的真正含義。 解答這類(lèi)題目的關(guān)鍵是找準(zhǔn)事物間存在的因果關(guān)系，根據(jù)已有信息，進(jìn)行分析、判斷，從而推斷出最符合邏輯的原因或判斷出最可能導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。

【典例鏈接】（2020·全國(guó)甲卷閱讀C篇）Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?

A. It's formal. B. It's risky.

C. It's harmful. D. It's traditional.

【點(diǎn)石成金】B 第一步，通讀題目，找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞infer about wearing fur；第二步，定位到原文，尋找相關(guān)信息——To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that's going to be a massive thing,at least here in New York.”；第三步，仔細(xì)比對(duì)選項(xiàng)。通過(guò)以上分析可知，Morgan覺(jué)得在紐約，給予人們一種沒(méi)有負(fù)罪感的選擇，讓他們可以穿海貍鼠皮做的衣服而不被人潑油漆，是一件大事。 由此可推斷出在紐約穿皮草有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 故選B。

2. 推斷觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度

作者或文中人物的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，就是作者或文中人物對(duì)某個(gè)話題、行為、事件的看法或判斷。作者或文中人物的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度一般分為三大類(lèi)：支持、贊同、樂(lè)觀；客觀、中立；反對(duì)、批評(píng)、懷疑、悲觀。 作者或文中人物的思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間。因此，在推斷過(guò)程中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞或副詞。

觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題要求考生具備較高層次的閱讀能力，即在復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)境中把握作者的思路，在較深?yuàn)W的表達(dá)中揣摩作者的真正意圖。這類(lèi)題考查考生對(duì)作者在整篇文章中所表現(xiàn)出的態(tài)度和作者對(duì)具體的某個(gè)人或事物的態(tài)度的理解。此類(lèi)題難度較大，得分率較低。

體裁推斷作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的方法議論文說(shuō)明文記敘文文章的論點(diǎn)往往會(huì)直接或間接地表明作者的態(tài)度和立場(chǎng)作者往往采取中立的態(tài)度作者往往不直接提出觀點(diǎn)，但常常有某種傾向性，讀文時(shí)要細(xì)心捕捉表達(dá)或暗示情感態(tài)度的詞或短語(yǔ)

【典例鏈接】（2021·新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀D篇）Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis （重視） on emotion by employers,educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.34. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?

A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.

C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.

【點(diǎn)石成金】A 根據(jù)題干信息popularization of emotional intelligence可定位到“Although popular beliefs regarding... the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.”，通過(guò)分析可知，雖然大眾對(duì)于情商的普遍認(rèn)知遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了目前研究可以支持的范圍，但是對(duì)情商的宣傳的總體效果是利大于弊的，而后作者便進(jìn)一步列舉了好處體現(xiàn)在哪些方面（The most positive aspect of this popularization...）。 由此可知，作者的態(tài)度是正向的、支持的。 故選A。

3. 推斷寫(xiě)作意圖

作者通常不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過(guò)文中所列事物使讀者感受到其所傳遞的想法?？忌枰陂喿x、理解整體語(yǔ)篇的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)字面意思及全篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。這種題型要求考生具備對(duì)作者闡述的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)的能力，是閱讀理解題中層次較高的題目，它與主旨大意題不同，但又關(guān)系密切，所以可以算作主旨大意題的一種變體。 有些文章的寫(xiě)作意圖比較明確，如議論文、說(shuō)明文，考生面對(duì)此類(lèi)文體時(shí)應(yīng)關(guān)注主題句。 而有些文章的寫(xiě)作意圖需要考生去體會(huì)，這種情況多出現(xiàn)在記敘文中，此類(lèi)文章通常先敘述，然后發(fā)表看法。

【典例鏈接】（2020·山東卷閱讀C篇）In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.

His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent,and a string of foreign aid workers.

This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders,while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬禮) followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.

Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.11. What is the purpose of this text?

A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon. C. To remember a writer. D. To recommend a travel destination.

【點(diǎn)石成金】A 第一步，審讀題目找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞the purpose of this text；第二步，迅速讀懂原文，理清文章脈絡(luò)，從字里行間推斷寫(xiě)作意圖，文章開(kāi)頭引出湯姆·比斯?fàn)枌?xiě)書(shū)的背景，從第二段到最后一段分別介紹了這本書(shū)的概要、主要內(nèi)容和對(duì)這本書(shū)的評(píng)價(jià)；第三步，仔細(xì)比對(duì)選項(xiàng)。 通過(guò)以上分析可知，全文圍繞著這本書(shū)展開(kāi)，目的就是向讀者介紹并推薦這本書(shū)。 故選A。

4. 推斷人物性格

這類(lèi)題目考查考生對(duì)被描寫(xiě)人物的言談話語(yǔ)中流露出的情緒及其反映出的性格傾向等方面的理解。鑒于文章是作者抒發(fā)感情、表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的一種方式，很多文章，尤其是記敘文和議論文，其語(yǔ)境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)。 利用好文章的語(yǔ)境褒貶性就能在把握主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的邏輯推斷。 找出反映語(yǔ)境褒貶性及變化的標(biāo)志性詞匯或句子，對(duì)考生了解主人公的心理特點(diǎn)及其發(fā)展變化，從而進(jìn)行正確的邏輯推斷很有用處。 做這一類(lèi)題時(shí)一定要注意：

（1）由表及里地準(zhǔn)確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的主觀想法代替作者的思想及觀點(diǎn)；

（2）注意那些描寫(xiě)環(huán)境和氣氛的語(yǔ)言，以及表達(dá)感情、觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的詞語(yǔ)，即注意作者在文章中的措辭，尤其是有感情色彩的形容詞；

（3）能結(jié)合自己平時(shí)積累的關(guān)于英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等的背景知識(shí)來(lái)識(shí)別并評(píng)價(jià)。

【典例鏈接】（2019·全國(guó)乙卷閱讀D篇）During the rosy years of elementary school(小學(xué)), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?

A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.

【點(diǎn)石成金】C 根據(jù)During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes可知，在讀小學(xué)的時(shí)候，作者喜歡與人分享玩偶和笑話，由此可推斷出，作者在小學(xué)早期是一個(gè)慷慨的女孩。 故選C。

三、備考建議

推理判斷題主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力和識(shí)別能力。 解答推理判斷題要以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到依據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息進(jìn)行多余的推理。 也就是說(shuō)，要做到判斷有據(jù)，推論有理，忠實(shí)原文。 切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面結(jié)論。 另外，考生要切記，推理判斷題必須遵守一個(gè)原則：正確選項(xiàng)必須是由文中事實(shí)推斷出的另一個(gè)正確的事實(shí)，而不是文章細(xì)節(jié)的直接陳述。