概要寫作

山東 李全忠

?題型概述

概要寫作是在準確理解原文的前提下，確定文章要點，去除文章中次要的內容，只留文章框架的寫作，詞數60 左右，應涵蓋文章全部要點，并使用自己的語言進行表述。

概要寫作必須忠實于原文，既不能遺漏任何要點，也不能隨意添加內容。根據篇章結構劃分文章的自然段，意義段的數量對應的就是要點的數量。一個自然段不一定是一個要點：有時幾個自然段說明一個要點，有時一個自然段包含數個要點。

?寫作步驟

第1步 明確主旨和結構

在進行概要寫作之前，一定要先通讀原文，在準確理解原文的前提下把握文章的主旨和整體結構，再根據文章的體裁特點來決定內容的取舍。

第2步 提煉各段要點

明確文章主題和篇章結構后，先找出各段的主旨句，同時標注與主旨相關的關鍵詞，最后利用這些關鍵詞，用自己的語言重組段落要點。歸納的要點往往是這些詞句的同義轉述，原文描述性的語言、細節性的信息等不需要出現在要點中。

第3步 轉換詞語和句式

利用同義詞、近義詞或反義詞轉換關鍵詞，并將提煉出的要點利用相似句型轉換、語態轉換（主動句轉換為被動句或被動句轉換為主動句），利用非謂語動詞或介詞短語對句子進行簡化或者利用定語從句、狀語從句或主語從句合并句子，將原文要點轉換為自己的語言。

第4步 恰當銜接過渡

在概要寫作中，可以利用語法銜接和過渡詞銜接等手段，使各要點之間過渡合理，銜接連貫。

?寫作微技能

一、概要寫作句式

1.記敘文

點明寫作目的類：

The writer tells us...(主題)by showing us an example of...,who/which...(故事情節)

作者經歷類：

In the passage,the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing...,which...

他人經歷類：

This passage is mainly about sb's experience of doing...

2.議論文

The article gives the view that...should/shouldn't...(主題)...(補充論據)

The passage highlights the importance of...

The author argues that...

3.說明文

現象解釋類：

This article points out the common phenomenon...(主題),which...(補充解釋)

利弊對比類：

The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B.

The passage discusses the impact of...On the positive side...,but it may also...

研究顯示類：

The study reveals that...

The purpose of the report is to show that...

二、定位主題句的常用方法

主題句是指能夠概括全文或者整個段落的關鍵句。一篇文章通常由若干個自然段組成。段落首句或段落末句常為主題句，當然也有一些主題句出現在自然段的中間。

1.關注表順序及舉例類的標志詞【例1】

To put it frankly, early adoption is a bad investment. First, the earliest versions of devices are quite expensive. Plus, electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices over time... Further,electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete(廢棄的)so quickly.

該段的第一句提出應避免投資仍處于前期研發階段的科技產品，接著列舉三點來論證其弊端。first、plus、further等表示順序的連接詞表明此段的構段方式為總分關系，首句是主題句，其他句子是支撐句。

在英文中，大部分段落的首句是主題句，其他句子是支撐句。除了關注上文提及的first、plus、further 等表示順序的標志詞，還可以關注for example、for instance、take...as an example等表示舉例類的標志詞，這些詞的上文很可能是主題句。

2.關注總結類的標志詞

【例2】

Working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress can't bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.

該段第一、二句是具體、細節性的表達。第三句用Therefore 引出結論：別著急，放慢生活節奏。所以，該段的末句是主題句。

主題句也常位于段中或段末，通常對前面所述內容起總結作用，段落前面幾句則是具體、細節性的表達，這是寫作中的一種歸納方法。同時還可以關注so、therefore、thus、as a result、in a word、to conclude 等標志詞，這些詞后往往接對前文內容的總結，很可能是主題句。

3.關注轉折類的標志詞

【例3】

Some parents are kind, but not firm. Others are firm, but not kind. Many parents go from one extreme to the other, either being too kind until they can't stand their children or being too firm until they can't stand themselves.However,the trick of effective parenting is to find the sweet spot by being kind and firm at the same time.

該段第一句指出有些父母友善但不嚴格，第二句指出還有些父母嚴格但不友善，第三句指出很多父母在教養子女上會走極端，第四句出現轉折詞However，筆鋒一轉，提出有效的養育技巧是找到友善和嚴格的“甜區”。顯然，第四句是該段的主題句。

關注轉折類的標志詞，例如but、however、yet、anyhow、nevertheless、on the contrary等，通常這些詞的前后大多是段落的主題句。先給出話題，然后通過轉折類連接詞切入作者的觀點，也就是主題句。

4.關注問答處

【例4】

So what can people do to help avoid food shocks? Making agriculture efficient is one choice.But one of the most effective ways to fight against food shocks might be to cut down on food waste.“If we could cut food waste in half,”said Seth Cook,a British environmental scientist,“we could feed an extra billion people.”

該段的第一句提出問題：如何避免食物沖擊？第二、三句做出回答，提高農業生產效率和減少食物浪費可以解決這個問題；第四句是引語部分，可以忽略，故該段的主題句是第一、二、三句。

作者提出問題，并做出相應的回答，問題和回答即是段落的要點。

三、概要寫作句子改寫

1.同義替換法

Tom thought of an idea.

→An idea occurred to Tom.

2.正話反說法

I think wealth is less important than health.

→I don't think wealth is more important than health.

3.詞性轉換法

Your suggestions are super valuable.

→Your suggestions are of great value.

4.利用介詞短語法

We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.

→With so many people helping us,we are sure to finish it in time.

5.句式變化法

（1）語態變換

It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.

→Computers are widely used in the world today.

（2）簡單句變復合句

The weather turned out to be very good.This was more than we could expect.

→The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect.

（3）連詞銜接

He insisted on staying.He was not willing to go.

→He insisted on staying rather than going.

（4）詞序改變

Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.

→Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.

（5）利用特殊句式

Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating,too.

→Jim wants to go boating and so do his parents.

四、過渡銜接詞

表并列順承：moreover、besides、in addition、on the one hand...on the other hand、for one thing...for another(thing)、firstly、secondly等。

表轉折：however、instead、on the contrary、yet等。

表因果關系：because、therefore、so、as a result、thus等。

表總結：in short、to conclude、in conclusion、all in all、to sum up、in a word等。

表舉例：for example、for instance等。

?案例導學

閱讀下面短文，根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。

Not setting homework can be impossible in certain situations. There are many arguments for homework, and most teachers would agree with many of the following: homework is a perfect opportunity to review what was done with the teacher, and rethink and develop that initial input; homework offers a moment for students to work as individuals and develop self-governance outside the classroom; students and parents expect homework to be set and graded.Nevertheless,the drawbacks homework may have are often overlooked.

There are two key issues which need to be raised when dealing with the concept of homework. Firstly, there is the question of home. Often, homework is not done at home at all,but at a friend's house,on the way back home or to class.Additionally,for it to be done effectively at home, homework often requires adults' involvement. Parents aren't always available,for some very valid reasons,and a tutor's ability to aid and guide may be limited in many ways.

If the idea of“home”can be problematic, so can the concept of“work”. Very often there is so much for students to do.Demand on their time means homework is usually something to get out of the way as fast as possible. It is not always seen as useful time spent strengthening what is done in class, but rather as something quickly finished. It might be correct or not, copied from a friend or from the Internet. But the important thing is that a teacher sees the exercise completed and, as a result, the task achieved: How much effort went into that result is not always appreciated or easy to evaluate, even when work clearly falls below standard. Teachers and students are happy because everyone has officially fulfilled their commitment.

The ideal that students go home, review what they have learned from their teachers and use the great resources to put everything they have learned in class into practice,doesn't often happen with some students.All in all,the desired effects of homework cannot be guaranteed.

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?寫作導引

第1步 明確主旨和結構

體裁話題時態人稱議論文家庭作業有優點，也有不可忽視的缺點一般現在時第三人稱

第2步 提煉各段要點

1. There are many arguments for homework, and most teachers would agree with many of the advantages that homework brings about.2.Nevertheless,the drawbacks homework may have are often overlooked.3. Firstly, there is the question of home. Often, homework is not done at home at all,but at a friend's house,on the way back home or to class.4. Additionally, for it to be done effectively at home, homework often requires adults' involvement. Parents aren't always available and a tutor's ability to aid and guide may be limited in many ways.5. But the important thing is that a teacher sees the exercise completed and, as a result,the task achieved:How much effort went into that result is not always appreciated or easy to evaluate,even when work clearly falls below standard.6.All in all,the desired effects of homework cannot be guaranteed.Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4

第3步 轉換詞語和句式

要點1、2構成轉折關系，要點3、4、5構成并列關系，分別陳述家庭作業的不同缺點，要點6 進行總結。以下是各要點的句式轉換：

√要點1、2 可轉換為Though many argue homework is necessary, its disadvantages may be neglected.

√要點3、4、5 可轉換為Homework is often done outside home and without guidance,and it can't be done effectively. The efforts put into homework are rarely appreciated or easy to assess,so everybody is happy when seeing it finished,regardless of the quality.

√要點6可轉換為The e xpected effects of homework are rarely achieved.

第4步 恰當銜接過渡

Though many argue homework is necessary, its disadvantages may be neglected. (要點1) First, homework is often done outside home and without guidance, it can't be done effectively.(要點2)Besides,the efforts put into homework are rarely appreciated or easy to assess, so everybody is happy when seeing it finished, regardless of the quality. (要點3)Therefore,the expected effects of homework are rarely achieved.(要點4)

?小試牛刀

閱讀下面短文，根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。

Nowadays, the business of fast food is developing at a rapid speed. Have you ever thought twice before deciding to eat fast food?Even if it is easy to buy and cheap,the risks outweigh (超過) the five minutes of satisfaction that fast food brings. There are many risks when it comes to eating fast food that is made in just a few seconds.

What you eat can affect your health. People who are addicted to fast food are more likely to suffer from various life-threatening diseases. Obesity (肥胖) can come when fast food is bought often. Fast food is made from a lot of fats and high calories. If it isn't removed, then you can grow to become obese. Even a small quantity of fast food contains many calories.People are fooled by its appearance and they tend to eat more.Thus,without knowing the truth, they consume a lot of calories. What's worse, obesity isn't the only risk.Heart disease is also a danger.The more fats,sugar and salt you eat,the weaker your heart can grow.

Another concern for most consumers is that they can't keep track of the sources of the food supplies in fast food restaurants. They never know about the living conditions of the animals killed for meat in those restaurants, like cows, pigs and chickens. A recent study has suggested that bacteria have been found in about 38% fast food. Even some soft drinks are now infected by food-borne illnesses that usually come from meals.

Although fast food is one of the easiest and cheapest ways of eating, the health risks aren't worth your life, and risking your life for something that isn't good for you could cost thousands of dollars in hospital bills.It is important to eat healthily and make good choices when deciding what to put in your body. Don't be lazy and pick up fast food on your way home from work.

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