解析被動語態(tài)

鄭小林

一、含義及構(gòu)成

被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)：be + 及物動詞的過去分詞。其中be有各種時態(tài)的變化，并有人稱和數(shù)的變化。

點撥：將主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，應先確定句子的謂語動詞，并找出句子的賓語。然后，將句子的賓語變成被動句的主語，將謂語動詞變成be + v.-ed形式。

二、主要幾種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)

（1）一般現(xiàn)在時被動語態(tài)，其構(gòu)成：am / is / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞 。

（2）一般過去時的被動語態(tài)，其構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞。

（3）含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，其構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞 + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞。

（4）一般將來時被動語態(tài)：will / shall + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞。

拓展：◆ “不及物動詞 + 介詞 / 副詞”構(gòu)成的短語動詞，變成被動句時，要把它們作為整體看待，介詞或副詞不可與其動詞拆開或漏掉。如：

Our homework was handed in yesterday afternoon.

◆含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，如果把主動句中的直接賓語（指物）變?yōu)楸粍泳渲械闹髡Z，則需在間接賓語（指人）前加適當?shù)慕樵~to或for。如：

Danny gave me a ticket just now. →

A ticket was given to me by Danny just now. ?（直接賓語作主語）

I was given a ticket by Danny just now. ?（間接賓語作主語）

◆ 使役動詞（make等）和感官動詞 （see， watch， notice， hear等）后面常接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語; 但在被動句中，這些詞后面的動詞不定式都需要帶to。如：The boss made us work for ten hours today.→

We were made to work for ten hours today by the boss.

三、中考鏈接

1.（2022·北京）On our farm， the tea leaves_____________by hand when they are ready.

A. pick B. picked C. are picked D. were picked

2.（2022·廣西·貴港）—People_____________to take their temperatures before they go into the supermarket during the COVID-19 pandemic （新冠疫情）.

—I think it’s a good way to protect ourselves.

A. are asking ? ? B. are asked C. asked D. ask

3.（2022·四川·涼山州）With double reduction policy （雙減政策）， students_____________less homework now so that they have enough time to take part in more activities.

A. will give B. were given ? ? ? ? ?C. are given

4.（2022·湖北·黃岡、孝感、咸寧）—Many DIY cards_____________to mothers on Mother’s Day every year.

—How creative！

A. is sending ? ? ? ? ? ?B. are sending C. is sent ? ? ? ? D. are sent

5.（2022·貴州·銅仁）—Mum ?could I watch the movie The Battle at Changjin Lake （《長津湖》）tonight？

—Of course， if your homework____________.

A. finishes B. finished ? ? ? ? C. was finished ? ? D. is finished

6.（2022·江蘇·徐州）I_____________by aliens on my way home the other day. Do you believe me？

A. have attacked ? ? B. was attacked ? C. was attacking ? ? D. am attacked

7.（2022·遼寧·盤錦）It’s said that tea_____________for the first time about 5， 000 years ago.

A. drinks B. drank C. is drunk D. was drunk

8.（2022·四川·雅安）The 24th Winter Olympic Games_____________in February， 2022， Beijing.

A. hold B. held C. is held D. was held

9. （2022·湖南·郴州）A new supermarket_____________on Center Street next year.

A. was built B. will be built C. is built

10. （2022·遼寧·本溪、遼陽、葫蘆島）Five more clubs_____________next week to make our school life rich and colorful.

A. set up ? B. are set up ? C. will be set up ? ? D. were set up

11. （2022·四川·樂山）—Waiter， a glass of apple juice， please.

—Sorry. Apple juice_____________only at breakfast.

A. serves ? B. is served ? ? ? C. is serving

12. （2022·海南）Few students could understand the sentence until it_____________by Miss Chen.

A. explained B. was explained C. was explaining

答案： 1-5 CBCDD 6-10 BDDBC 11-12 BB

（作者單位：江蘇鹽城市毓龍路實驗學校）