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以東試早柚為母本創制柑橘三倍體種質資源

2023-10-27 09:00:25劉承浪曹宗洪陶亞文徐祥增高世德岳建強謝宗周葉俊麗柴利軍郭文武鄧秀新
果樹學報 2023年10期

劉承浪 馮 迪 曹宗洪 陶亞文 徐祥增 高世德 岳建強 謝宗周 葉俊麗 柴利軍 郭文武 鄧秀新

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230179

摘? ? 要:【目的】三倍體植物由于減數分離紊亂,難以形成可育的雌雄配子,屬于天然的不育類型,配置以2x×4x多個雜交組合,旨在創制柑橘三倍體種質,豐富柑橘無核材料。【方法】以單胚性二倍體品種東試早柚為母本與四倍體柑橘材料ZP(紙皮,四倍體甜橙)、PT(四倍體葡萄柚)、NH(四倍體,諾瓦橘柚+HB柚體細胞雜種)為父本進行倍性雜交,授粉后85 d和100 d采摘幼果并對未成熟種子實施幼胚離體挽救培養,獲得再生植株后用流式細胞儀和InDel標記對其倍性及遺傳來源進行鑒定。【結果】從3個倍性雜交組合的168株再生植株中,通過倍性檢測獲得三倍體幼苗128株且均為雙親雜交后代,其中東試早柚×ZP共計60株、東試早柚×PT共計60株、東試早柚×NH共計8株。【結論】通過倍性雜交高效創制三倍體柑橘新種質,為柑橘早熟無核育種及相關基礎研究提供了珍貴的育種材料。

關鍵詞:柑橘;東試早柚;胚挽救;倍性育種;InDel

中圖分類號:S666 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)10-2041-09

Creation of triploid seedling plants of Citrus by crossing Dongshizao pummelo female with tetraploid male parents

LIU Chenglang1, FENG Di1, CAO Zonghong1, TAO Yawen1, XU Xiangzeng2, GAO Shide2, YUE Jianqiang3, XIE Zongzhou1, YE Junli1, CHAI Lijun1, GUO Wenwu1, DENG Xiuxin1*

(1National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; 2Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, Jinghong 666100, Yunnan, China; 3Institute of Tropcal and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 678000, Yunnan, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 Citrus is mainly cultivated for fresh consumption in China, so seedless citrus has become the dominant position in market consumption and in breeding programs. In order to enhance the competitiveness of the citrus industry and meet the market demands, it has been the goal of breeders to cultivate seedless varieties of citrus. Triploids are naturally seedless material whose chromosomes are disrupted during meiosis, making it difficult to form normal fertile gametes, resulting in seedless fruits. Triploid citrus typically has larger fruits and possesses stronger resistance and adaptation to the environmental conditions due to chromosome doubling. Ploidy crosses is the most effective strategy to obtain seedless citrus varieties, using monoembryonic diploid and tetraploid ploidy as parents. Therefore, we performed several 2x×4x crosses to create triploid citrus. 【Methods】 In this study, we selected the Dongshizao pummelo [C. grandis (L.) Osbeck Dongshizao pummelo] as the female parent, which is a local specialty cultivar from Yunnan province, characterized by early-maturing, seedlessness, high sugar and low acidity. Then, we used a late-maturing and productive autotetraploid ZP [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck Paperrind orange], PT [C. paradisi (L.) Osbeck grapefruit] and an allotetraploid somatic hybrids NH [(C. reticulata Blanco×C. paradisi Macf.) + C. grandis (L.) Osbeck Hirado Buntan pummelo], as the male parent for the artificial crosses. In the earlier step, the pollinated styles were stained with aniline blue to observe the cross-compatibility between the parents, and in the subsequent steps, the immature seeds obtained from young fruits at 85 and 100 days after pollination (DAP) were cultured in vitro. When seeds grew into seedlings, the ploidy levels were analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, we also resequenced the maternal Dongshizao pummelo, then the data was mapped to the HWB [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck Wanbai pummelo] reference genome to obtain InDel (insertion/deletion) variant loci, which contained 50-200 bp differences. According to these loci, primers were designed upstream and downstream of them, and PCR amplification was performed using the DNA of Dongshizao pummelo, ZP, PT and NH as templates. The amplified products were detected using 2.5% agarose gel, and clear and stable InDel-specific band patterns were selected for the identification of the genetic origin of the polyploid regenerated plants. 【Results】 The aniline blue staining results of the pollinated styles showed that a large number of pollen tubes could grow down to the bottom of the styles, and showed cross-comptibility in crosses of Dongshizao pummelo × ZP, Dongshizao pummelo × PT and Dongshizao pummelo × NH. Due to the 1∶2 (2x×4x) ratio of maternal and paternal genomes in the endosperm of the progeny, the seeds would be completely sterile in mature fruit. Therefore, the juvenile embryos were cultured in vitro before the seeds were sterilized. At 85 DAP, 771 immature seeds obtained from the young fruits of Dongshizao pummelo × NH cross were cultured in vitro. After shooting and rooting induction, 15 plants were regenerated. Similarily, when 570 and 482 immature seeds of Dongshizao pummelo × PT and Dongshizao pummelo × ZP crosses were rescued at 100 DAP, we obtained 96 and 117 regenerated plants respectively. The regeneration rates of 3 crosses were different, of which the two autotetraploids about 20% were 10 times higher than the allotetraploid (1.9%). We also checked the ploidy levels of the hybrid progenies, 168 out of 228 progeny obtained from the crosses between Dongshizao pummelo and three tetraploid citrus cultivars. In the Dongshizao pummelo × ZP cross, 94 plants were regenerated, in which 60 plants proved to be triploids by flow cytometry analysis, accounting for 63.8%. In the Dongshizao pummelo × PT cross, 1 tetraploid and 60 triploids were detected in 63 regenerated plants, accounting for 95.2% and 1.67% respectively. Similarily, eight plants were detected as triploids in 11 seedlings from the Dongshizao pummelo × NH cross, accounting for 72.7%. In this study, we also developed a group of specific InDel markers for the genetic identification of the polyploid seedlings. Using HWB genome as the reference genome, we developed 10 pairs of InDel primers for hybrid progeny screening using the resequence deta of Dongshizao pummelo, grapefruit and sweet orange, which were called after InDel01-InDel10 respectively. InDel05 and InDel10 could distinguish Dongshizao pummelo from ZP and PT but not NH; InDel07 and InDel08 could distinguish all the parental species, but some of their band patterns were not obvious. Accordingly, the InDel05 primers were selected for the identification of Dongshizao pummelo × PT and Dongshizao pummelo × ZP hybrid progeny, and the InDel07 primers were selected for the identification of Dongshizao pummelo × NH hybrid progeny. The results showed that all the 129 polyploids derived form the crosses were hybrids of both parents. 【Conclusion】 Using the local specialty cultivar Dongshizao pummelo of Yunnan as the female parent and two autotetraploids (ZP, PT) and one allotetraploid somatic hybrids (NH) as the male parents, three crosses of 128 citrus triploids and one tetraploid were created in a relatively short time after cross-pollination. Our work would lay a foundation for the selection and breeding of new seedless varieties and related molecular research in citrus.

Key words: Citrus; Dongshizao pummelo; Embryo rescue; Ploidy breeding; InDel

中國柑橘以鮮食為主,無籽柑橘成為市場消費的主流和育種方向[1]。為提升產業競爭力,滿足市場需求,培育柑橘無核品種一直是育種者的目標。三倍體為天然的無核材料,其在減數分裂時期,染色體發生紊亂,難以形成正常可育的配子,導致果實一般為無核[2]。由于染色體加倍、倍性增加,三倍體果實較大、抗逆性增強,對環境也具有更強的適應性。通過倍性雜交以培育三倍體是獲得柑橘無核品種最為有效的途徑之一,其中又以單胚性二倍體品種為母本與四倍體雜交方式最為普遍[3]。Soost等[4]以單胚無酸柚與四倍體馬敘葡萄柚雜交獲得2個已廣泛推廣的無核品種Oroblanco和Melgold。Aleza等[5]配置以二倍體Fortune寬皮橘與四倍體Orlando柑橘品種等為親本的77個雜交組合,獲得4400多株三倍體再生植株,并從中篩選出一個綜合性狀優良的無核品種IVIA-600。近年來,華中農業大學柑橘團隊也創制諸多以單胚性二倍體柑橘品種與四倍體體細胞雜種為親本的雜交組合,獲得一大批柑橘三倍體無核新種質[6]。

胚挽救在柑橘果樹育種中是非常重要的技術,其核心是對由生理等因素導致種子不能成苗的合子胚人工接種于培養基上進行離體培育,并結合試管嫁接手段獲得再生植株,極大地提升果樹育種效率,加快育種進程[7]。彭珺[8]以2個二倍體柑橘品種與5個通過柑橘體細胞融合得到的四倍體品種進行倍性雜交,對幼胚進行離體培養,并結合流式細胞儀對再生植株進行倍性分析,獲得三倍體141株。周銳[9]以不同柑橘材料為親本,用相同的方法創制出147株三倍體。此外,隨著全基因組重測序技術逐漸成熟,對于特定品系的柑橘品種,開發該品種特異性且擴增良好的InDel(Insertion/Deletion)分子標記對雜交后代進行遺傳鑒定,具有低成本、高效、遺傳穩定性好、準確性高且結果可靠的優勢[10]。王淪[11]以甜橙的基因組為參考基因組挖掘到268個該品種存在的高質量InDel標記。宋謝天等[12]利用測序數據開發出7對InDel標記能區分柑橘有性后代和無性后代。

筆者在本研究中以云南地方特色早熟品種東試早柚為母本,與2個同源四倍體(ZP、PT)和1個異源四倍體(NH)為父本,雜交授粉后利用胚挽救、流式細胞儀及InDel標記等技術手段獲得具有豐富遺傳背景的柑橘三倍體材料,為柑橘早熟無核新品種選育和相關基礎研究奠定材料基礎。

1 材料和方法

1.1 試驗材料

用于創制柑橘三倍體無核種質的材料:云南西雙版納州熱帶作物科學研究所柚試驗基地的早熟品種東試早柚[Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck ‘Dongshizao pummelo],湖北武漢華中農業大學國家柑橘育種中心資源圃的紙皮[ZP,四倍體甜橙,C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck ‘Paperrind orange]、四倍體葡萄柚[PT,C. paradise Osbeck ‘Grapefruit]、NH[諾瓦橘柚+HB柚,C. reticulata Blanco×C. paradisi Macf. + C. grandis (L.) Osbeck ‘Hirado Buntan pummelo,四倍體,體細胞融合雜種]。

1.2 雜交授粉后親和性鑒定方法

花粉的收集和保存參照朱晨橋[13]的方法,雜交授粉及授粉后7 d的花柱染色使用苯胺藍染色法,通過倒置熒光顯微鏡觀察花粉管的生長狀態來鑒定雜交親和性[14]。

1.3 雜交后代的胚培育及再生植株的倍性檢測

胚挽救參照強瑞瑞[15]的方法并適當修改。授粉后85和100 d,采摘未成熟的果實暫置于4 ℃保存。無菌條件下,75%乙醇浸泡幼果15 min,立即置于乙醇燈上燃燒消毒滅菌,乙醇燃燒完全后用手術刀將果實剝開,取出種子。將種子尾部劃一條縫并將其接種于萌發培養基(MT培養基+1 mg·L-1 GA3)中,置于培養室培養。培養1個月后,未萌發的種子仍于萌發培養基中繼續培養;將已萌發的種子形成的胚狀體置于生芽培養基(MT+0.5 mg·L-1 BA+0.5 mg·L-1 KT+0.1 mg·L-1 NAA+40 g蔗糖+8 g瓊脂)中增殖生芽,待其長出2~3枚葉片后將莖切下,接種于生根培養基(1/2 MT+0.1 mg·L-1 IBA+0.5 mg·L-1 NAA+0.5 g·L-1活性炭+8 g瓊脂)中誘導生根。

流式細胞儀(Cyflow space,Sysmex,Japan)倍性鑒定參照謝善鵬[16]的方法并適當修改。以二倍體沙田柚為對照,從待測樣品上取0.5 cm2大小的新鮮葉片于干凈的培養皿中,加約500 μL的細胞提取緩沖液(Nuclei extraction buffer,Cystain DNA 2 step),用刀片將其切碎,靜置30~40 s后加入約1.5 mL的DNA染色液(Staining buffer,Cystain DNA 2 step)進行染色,最后用30 μm的微孔濾膜將樣品過濾到2.5 mL試管中,用流式細胞儀(Cyflow space,Sysmex,Japan)進行上樣檢測,FloMax軟件自動生成DNA含量分布曲線。

1.4 植物基因組DNA的提取與檢測

采集東試早柚、ZP、PT、NH及其各雜交子代成熟葉片并提取基因組DNA,提取方法采用改良CTAB法,具體步驟參照程運江[17]的博士學位論文,使用NanoDrop 1000超微量分光光度計對DNA進行質量檢測,將質量合格的DNA初提液稀釋至工作質量濃度(約200 ng·μL-1),保存于-20 ℃冰箱備用。

1.5 InDel分子標記的篩選

利用母本東試早柚的重測序數據以晚白柚的基因組為參考基因組進行序列比對,獲取InDel變異位點,篩選含有50~200 bp差異的位點。在InDel變異位點上下游設計引物(表1),以東試早柚、ZP、PT、NH的DNA為模板進行PCR擴增,PCR擴增反應體系20 μL,其中包括10 μL Mix,1 μL DNA,InDel上下游引物各0.5 μL,加入ddH2O補足體積。PCR擴增產物使用2.5%瓊脂糖凝膠檢測,選擇清晰穩定的特異性帶型。

2 結果與分析

2.1 東試早柚與四倍體柑橘雜交授粉后親和性鑒定

以東試早柚作母本與2個同源四倍體(ZP、PT)、1個異源四倍體(NH)作父本進行倍性雜交。在東試早柚×ZP、東試早柚×PT、東試早柚×NH的雜交組合中,對授粉后的花柱進行苯胺藍染色來觀察花粉管的生長狀態,發現大量花粉管能生長至花柱底部,均表現為親和(圖1)。

2.2 胚挽救獲得再生植株

由于子代胚乳中母本和父本基因組比例為2∶2(2x×4x),后期種子完全敗育[2]。故而在種子未敗育之前,對幼胚進行離體挽救培養(圖2)。授粉后85 d,取東試早柚×NH雜交組合的果實種子進行胚挽救,接種771粒種子,獲得再生植株15株。授粉后100 d,取東試早柚×PT、東試早柚×ZP雜交組合的果實種子進行胚挽救,分別接種570、482粒種子,各獲得再生植株96、117株(表2),組合間再生率存在差異,同源四倍體為父本的2個組合較高,在20%左右,異源四倍體為父本的組合較低,只有1.9%,相差近10倍。

2.3 再生植株倍性分析

利用流式細胞儀對東試早柚與3個四倍體柑橘雜交獲得228株子代中的168株再生植株進行倍性檢測(圖3),在東試早柚×ZP雜交組合中,94株再生植株檢測到三倍體幼苗60株,占再生子代的63.8%;東試早柚×PT雜交組合中,63株再生植株檢測到三倍體幼苗60株和四倍體幼苗1株,分別占再生植株的95.2%和1.67%;東試早柚×NH雜交組合中11株再生植株檢測到三倍體植株8株,占再生植株的72.7%(表3)。

2.4 再生植株的遺傳來源分析

以晚白柚的基因組為參考基因組,利用東試早柚、葡萄柚及甜橙重測序數據開發10對InDel引物進行雜交子代篩選,其中InDel05和InDel10能區分東試早柚與ZP、PT,無法區分NH;InDel07和InDel08雖能區分所有的親本,但是其部分特異性條帶不明顯(圖4)。因此,選擇InDel05引物對東試早柚×PT和東試早柚×ZP雜交子代進行鑒定,InDel07引物對東試早柚×NH雜交子代進行鑒定(圖5)。結果表明129株多倍體再生植株均擴增出具有雙親差異性顯著的帶型。

3 討 論

柑橘三倍體育種以獲得果實無核為主要目標性狀,同時能兼具不同成熟期、易剝皮、高糖低酸等優異性狀。Fatta Del Bosco等[18]以寬皮橘等為親本通過倍性雜交,以期獲得無核且易剝皮的新種質來取代Avana和Tardivo di Ciaculli多籽寬皮橘品種。西班牙則以無核且晚熟為目標性狀,通過三倍體育種獲得Safor[19]和Garbí[20]等具有無籽、中晚熟柑橘品種。染色體加倍也會導致三倍體植株表現出果皮增厚、果面粗糙、果實低糖高酸、枝刺增多且增長等諸多不利的性狀。Grosser等[21]以二倍體克里曼丁橘為親本,倍性雜交獲得的三倍體后代表現出枝刺長、枝刺增多等不利性狀;但是以二倍體Sugar Belle為親本,得到的三倍體后代表現出果實早熟、枝刺短、枝刺減少等優良性狀。因此,雜交后代性狀的表現與親本的選擇密切相關。筆者在本研究中選擇果實早熟、無籽、高糖低酸的云南地方特色品種東試早柚為母本,融合雙親優良性狀的四倍體體細胞雜種NH、晚熟且豐產的同源四倍體ZP和PT為父本,通過三倍體育種以期獲得果實早熟、豐產、品質更佳等諸多綜合雙親優良性狀的柑橘無核新種質。

在柑橘中,常以二倍體(♀)與四倍體(♂)、四倍體(♀)與二倍體(♂)進行倍性雜交,不正常的胚與胚乳的倍性比會致使雜交獲得的合子胚提前敗育[22]。胚挽救是對受各種不利因素影響而致使早期敗育的合子胚離體培養,是大多數果樹育種中普遍使用的一種方法[7]。解凱東等[23]創制以8個二倍體柑橘品種、6個四倍體柑橘品種為親本,通過倍性雜交獲得再生植株2832株,并結合流式細胞儀對再生植株檢測獲得三倍體植株401株等一大批倍性材料。筆者在本研究中以二倍體單胚性東試早柚為母本,2個同源四倍體和1個異源四倍體柑橘品種為父本,利用胚挽救手段獲得228株再生植株,并使用流式細胞儀對168株再生植株進行倍性檢測,獲得三倍體植株128株,還意外獲得1株四倍體材料。

目前,在柑橘育種中特異性InDel標記已成為鑒定雜交子代遺傳來源的重要手段。湯雨晴等[24]利用金蘭柚全基因組重測序數據開發出24對InDel標記,均能夠有效區分金蘭柚不同于其他的柚類品種。韓健等[25]基于基因組重測序數據開發出可有效檢測沙田柚與枳雜交子代的InDel標記,從1279株子代中鑒定獲得698株雜種苗。筆者在本研究中以晚白柚的基因組為參考基因組,開發10對候選InDel標記用于區分東試早柚及ZP、PT、NH柑橘種質,篩選出2對高質量InDel標記對倍性檢測獲得的128株三倍體和1株四倍體再生植株進行遺傳鑒定,均擴增出親本特異性條帶。因此,結合倍性檢測的結果,獲得的流式細胞儀129株多倍體植株均為雙親雜交子代,其中獲得1株四倍體是由東試早柚×PT雜交而來,推測其可能是由母本產生未減數的雌配子與父本產生的二倍體雄配子雜交授粉受精而來的。

4 結 論

通過有性雜交,結合胚胎搶救、流式細胞儀及InDel分子標記等技術在較短時間內創制出3個組合的柑橘三倍體128株和四倍體雜種1株,為柑橘三倍體無核育種提供了材料。

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收稿日期:2023-05-08 接受日期:2023-07-12

基金項目:國家現代農業(柑橘)產業技術體系(CARS-26);云南省科技廳對外科技合作專項(202003AD150014)

作者簡介:劉承浪,男,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向為柑橘種質資源收集與利用。Tel:15687111894,E-mail:448827890@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:027-87281712,E-mail:xxdeng@mail.hzau.edu.cn

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