謝鵬 蔚露 王紅寧 林琭 牛自勉



摘? ? 要:【目的】對比不同產區玉露香梨的品質差異,探討地理氣候條件對玉露香梨品質的影響,為優質產區的劃分提供依據。【方法】選取山西隰縣、汾西縣、芮城縣,北京海淀區,新疆農33團共5個產區的玉露香梨為試驗材料,測定果皮[色度、花色苷含量、葉綠素含量等]以及果肉[硬度、可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、總可溶性糖含量(TSSC)、可滴定酸含量(TAC)等]的品質指標,并進行相關分析。【結果】(1)山西隰縣、汾西縣及新疆農33團3個產區海拔較高、晝夜溫差較大,玉露香梨的果皮花色苷含量、果肉SSC及TSSC均顯著高于低海拔產區山西芮城縣及北京海淀區;而果皮葉綠素含量則顯著低于低海拔產區。(2)通過對玉露香梨品質指標的聚類分析與主成分分析,產區劃分結果與上述測評結果基本一致。【結論】當我國玉露香梨北方產區所在地海拔900~1100 m、晝夜溫差13~15 ℃時,其優良品質特征能得到充分體現,研究結果可為我國玉露香梨產區優化布局提供重要參考。
關鍵詞:梨;玉露香;產區;品質
中圖分類號:S661.2 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)11-2371-10
Comprehensive analysis on the fruit quality of Yuluxiang pear in different production areas
XIE Peng1, YU Lu1, WANG Hongning2, LIN Lu1, NIU Zimian1*
(1College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China; 2Institute of Pomology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 In order to determine the suitability of geological locations and climatic conditions for production of Yuluxiang pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder ‘Yuluxiang) with excellent fruit quality, we measured the fruit quality components such as fruit color, contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll, firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), total soluble sugar content (TSSC) and titratable acid content (TAC) of Yuluxiang fruit from five locations with different geographical and climatic conditions in northern China. 【Methods】 The five locations for Yuluxiang pear production included Xi County, Fenxi County and Ruicheng County in Shanxi Province, Haidian District in Beijing and the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment in Xinjiang were selected as experimental sites. A representative orchard in each of these sites was then selected for the experiment from 2020 to 2022. Climatic and geographical conditions including average altitude, average annual temperature, average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit color development, average annual sunshine duration and frost-free period were investigated in each of these orchards. The experimental Yuluxiang pear trees in each of these orchards were 8 to 10 years old and the tree canopy was in the free-spindle shape. All the orchards were with loam soil and manual fertilizer applied annually in the fall, and managed under the common production practice. There were 3 trees in the experimental unit in each orchard. Four representative fruit at harvest maturity were collected at a height of 1.0-2.5 m in the outer canopy from each of the trees to measure the fruit quality components. The experiment was replicated 3 times in each orchard. Fruit color was measured using the photoshop CS6 to read the Lab color degree (L*, a*, b*) on the fruit photograph and the h°= arccot (a*/b*)×180/π was used for the hue. Anthocyanin in the fruit peel was extracted using the HCl method and chlorophylls were extracted in 80% acetone. Ratio of the anthocyanin content to chlorophyll content was then determined. Fruit firmness in the flesh was determined using a FT327 pressure tester and the soluble solid content was measured with a PAL-1 reflectormeter. Total soluble sugar content and titratable acid content were determined using the anthrone colorimetry and the acid-base titration methods, respectively. Ratio of the sugar to acid was then calculated. Statistical software DPS7.05 was used for ANOVA, regression, cluster, and principal component analyses of the resulting data. 【Results】 Compared to those from Ruicheng County and Haidian District orchards, pear fruits from Xi County, Fenxi County and the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment orchards looked more shiny with greater redness and yellowness in the surface, and in addition, the fruit anthocyanin contents were over 2-fold higher and the chlorophyll contents were 12%-21% lower. The fruit firmness from the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment was the highest among those from all the five experimental orchards. The soluble solid content of fruit from the five experimental orchards were in the following order: the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment (14.4%)>Fenxi County (12.2%)>Xi County (12.1%)>Ruicheng County (10.9%)>Haidian District (10.6%). Total soluble sugar content of fruit from the 5 experimental orchards was in the order of the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment (12.2 g·100 g-1)>Xi County (10.4 g·100 g-1)>Fenxi County (10.3 g·100 g-1)>Ruicheng County (9.1 g·100 g-1)>Haidian District (8.6 g·100 g-1). Fruit titratable acid content from the Xi County and Fenxi County orchards were 7%-10% greater than those from the rest of the orchards. The fruit redness was positively correlated with the altitude of the orchard-site, average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit color development, and average annual temperature. Fruit SSC or TSSC were positively correlated with the average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit-color development and average annual sunshine duration. Cluster analysis revealed that fruits from Xi County and Fenxi County orchards were in the same cluster with greater level of SSC, TSSC and TAC, and reduced firmness. Fruits from the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment orchards were also in the same cluster but with less TAC. Fruits from orchards in Ruicheng County and Haidian District were in the same cluster with lower level of SSC and TSSC. 【Conclusion】 When the average altitude of the production orchard was in the range of 900-1100 m, and the average diurnal temperature difference was from 13 to 15 ℃, the excellent fruit quality of Yuluxiang pear was fully reached, whereas in the orchards with an average altitude below 400 m above sea-level, it was not suitable for production of this pear cultivar. Therefore, geographical and climatic conditions determined the suitability of the production of high-quality Yuluxiang pear.
Key words: Pear; Yuluxiang; Production area; Quality
收稿日期:2023-05-16 接受日期:2023-08-18
基金項目:中央引導地方科技發展資金項目(YDZJSX2021C022);國家重點研發計劃項目(2020YFD1000202);山西省現代農業產業技術體系建設專項(2023CYJSTX07-08)
作者簡介:謝鵬,男,助理研究員,碩士,主要從事果樹生理生化研究工作。Tel:18035198586,E-mail:peng_xie_qd@126.com
*通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:15333666970,E-mail:zmniu@126.com
玉露香(Pyrus bretschneideri ‘Yuluxiang)為山西農業大學(山西省農業科學院)選育審定的優良中晚熟梨新品種,近年來在山西、河北、新疆等地栽培面積逐年擴大,逐步成為現代梨果產業布局和品種更新的主導品種[1]。各地研究結果表明,一方面,標準的玉露香梨果實具有果皮薄、肉質細膩、口感甜香、品質優良[2]等特點,受到了國內外水果市場的普遍認可;另一方面,該品種的樹體生長和果實發育易受產地栽培技術、環境條件及氣候因素的影響,導致不同產區生產的果實質量參差不齊,一定程度上影響了新品種的標準化生產和市場營銷,成為該品種推廣應用的限制因子。因此,探明影響玉露香梨果實品質發育的主要氣候環境條件,建立以優質生產為目的的標準化栽培技術模式和品質評價體系,是目前我國玉露香梨優質高效生產面臨的主要研究任務。
為了提高玉露香梨果實品質,近年來我國主要產區在引種栽培的同時進行了早果豐產及果實品質的相關研究。結果表明,在栽培技術措施中,玉露香梨的品質發育受樹形模式與果園光照影響較大,通過梨樹高光效樹形模式優化及整形修剪技術改進,改善了玉露香梨葉幕微區光環境和果園群體光環境的光能利用特性[3-4],提高了葉幕光合速率[5-6],進而改善了果實著色和內在風味品質[7-8]。同時,為了進一步改善果實品質,近年來通過玉露香梨幼果脫萼劑型優化[9-10]、果袋類型篩選[11]、土壤施肥方法[12-13]、灌溉方式選擇[14-15]及果品冰點貯藏[16-17]等技術的研究應用,從不同技術層面改善了梨果品質,為玉露香梨優質生產奠定了基礎。
產地環境與氣候條件也是影響玉露香梨果實品質發育的重要方面。現有研究表明,由于產地環境、氣候條件的不同,不同產區引種栽培后果實的果面著色、果皮厚度、果肉可溶性固形物含量等質量指標差異較大[18-20],形成了玉露香梨優質果實栽培區和品質欠佳栽培區,并長期地、持續地影響著果實品質發育。為此,筆者以我國北方玉露香梨幾個代表性產區為試驗基地,分析了不同產區的海拔、晝夜溫差、年均溫度、年降水量等環境氣候因子對果實品質發育的影響,以期為我國玉露香梨優質高效產區規劃提供理論依據。
1 材料和方法
1.1 試驗地與材料
于2020—2022年玉露香梨果實成熟期,分別從表1所示的5個產區定點試驗果園采集果實樣品。試驗樹為自由紡錘形,樹齡8~10年,采集位置為距離地面高度1.0~2.5 m、距離葉幕外圍水平距離0~0.5 cm。3株試驗樹為一個小區,3次重復,每小區采果12個,每株果樹分別從樹冠東西南北4個方位隨機采果,小區中每一方位采集果實3個。試驗果實的坐果部位為2年生短果枝,其結果母枝為45~60 cm的長果枝,枝齡3~4年。各地調查果園質地為壤砂土,每年秋季施用生物有機肥,地面全園自然生草,土壤肥力中等。
1.2 測定指標與方法
1.2.1 果色指標 拍攝果實照片并用photoshopCS6拾色器采集顏色信息,參考Iglesias等[21]的方法,讀取Lab色度值(L*、a*、b*),通過h°=arccot(a*/b*)×180/π計算色度角并作色相示意圖。參照仝月澳等[22]的方法測定花色苷和葉綠素含量(以鮮質量計),并計算花色苷含量/葉綠素含量。
1.2.2 果肉品質指標 各指標取果實陰陽面均值。使用FT327硬度計測定硬度;使用PAL-1折光儀測定可溶性固形物含量(SSC);采用蒽酮比色法[23]測定總可溶性糖含量(TSSC);采用酸堿滴定法[24]測定可滴定酸含量(TAC);糖酸比=TSSC×10/TAC。
1.2.3 數據分析 采用Excel 2019整理試驗數據并作圖,采用DPS7.05統計軟件對數據進行方差分析、相關性分析、聚類分析和主成分分析。
2 結果與分析
2.1 不同產區玉露香梨果色指標比較
由圖1可知,隰縣、汾西縣、農33團玉露香梨果皮L*分別為59、58、59,其中隰縣與農33團顯著高于芮城縣與海淀區(二者均為55);能體現紅色程度的a*在隰縣、汾西縣、農33團分別為-0.38、0.27、0.45,顯著高于芮城縣(-4.50)與海淀區(-2.56);與黃色程度相關的b*由高到低為隰縣(52)、汾西縣(50)、農33團(48)、海淀區(48)、芮城縣(45)(圖1-A);色度角h°在88°~95°,均處于色相圖的黃色區域,其中芮城縣(94.53°)與海淀區(92.98°)偏綠,而隰縣(90.16°)、汾西縣(88.89°)、農33團(88.86°)則偏紅(圖1-B)。因此,隰縣、汾西縣、農33團3個產區的玉露香梨果面偏亮,且紅色與黃色較明顯;而芮城縣與海淀區則偏暗偏綠。
果皮花色苷含量(w,后同)由高到低依次為隰縣(10.83 μg·g-1)、汾西縣(9.98 μg·g-1)、農33團(9.21 μg·g-1)、芮城縣(5.22 μg·g-1)、海淀區(3.38 μg·g-1),且兩兩呈顯著差異(圖1-C)。由圖1-D可知,隰縣、汾西縣、農33團的果皮葉綠素含量分別為70.63、72.66、71.76 μg·g-1,顯著低于芮城縣(83.01 μg·g-1)與海淀區(89.46 μg·g-1)。果皮花色苷含量/葉綠素含量也是隰縣(0.15)、汾西縣(0.14)、農33團(0.13)顯著高于芮城縣(0.06)與海淀區(0.04)(圖1-E)。
2.2 不同產區玉露香梨果肉品質指標比較
由圖2可知,農33團的玉露香梨果肉硬度(8.0 kg·cm-2)最高,顯著高于其他產區,其次為海淀區(7.6 kg·cm-2),顯著高于剩余3個產區(均為7.2 kg·cm-2)(圖2-A)。農33團的SSC(14.4%)與TSSC(12.2 g·100 g-1)最高,顯著高于隰縣與汾西縣,這二者又顯著高于芮城縣與海淀區(圖2-B~C)。由圖2-D可知,隰縣(0.821 g·kg-1)與汾西縣(0.823 g·kg-1)玉露香梨果肉TAC顯著高于其他3個產區(0.746~0.768 g·kg-1)。糖酸比由高到低依次為農33團(164)、隰縣(127)、汾西縣(125)、芮城縣(121)、海淀區(112)(圖2-E),差異顯著性與SSC和TSSC一致。
由此可知,海拔較高的隰縣與汾西縣的玉露香梨具有高可溶性固形物、高糖酸的特點,海拔較低的芮城縣與海淀區呈低可溶性固形物、低糖酸特點;而農33團的玉露香梨則呈現高可溶性固形物、高糖低酸的特點,同時果肉硬度較高。
2.3 各產區玉露香梨品質指標的相關性分析、聚類分析、主成分分析
對5個產區玉露香梨品質指標與產區因子間的相關性分析(表2)可知,產區的平均海拔及著色期平均晝夜溫差均與果皮L*、a*、花色苷含量、花色苷含量/葉綠素含量呈顯著或極顯著正相關,與葉綠素含量呈負相關;而年均溫與上述果色指標間的相關性則相反。著色期平均晝夜溫差與年均照時2項產區因子與果肉SSC及TSSC均呈顯著或極顯著正相關。
以上結果表明,較高的平均海拔、著色期平均晝夜溫差,以及較低的年均溫有利于果面紅暈發育;較高的著色期平均晝夜溫差以及較長的年均照時有助于果肉SSC與TSSC的積累。
通過對各產區玉露香梨品質指標的聚類分析(圖3-A),發現隰縣與汾西縣可歸為一類,其品質具有較低硬度、高可溶性固形物、高糖酸的特點,而后與農33團又合為一類,特點為高可溶性固形物、高糖;與前3產區相比,芮城縣與海淀區則可歸為低可溶性固形物、低糖產區。
由圖3-B可知,分析的品質指標可轉換為貢獻率為69.4%的第1主成分(PC1)和貢獻率為24.5%的第2主成分(PC2)。根據PC1可將5個產區大致分為隰縣、汾西縣、農33團一類及芮城縣、海淀區一類;而根據PC2則可將農33團單獨歸為一類,而其余4個產區近似歸為一類。因此在平面坐標系中5個產區可被分為3組:PC1及PC2均為正值的農33團;PC1為正值、PC2為負值的汾西縣與隰縣;PC1為負值、PC2為正值的芮城縣與海淀區。
3 討 論
花色苷積累是梨果皮紅色產生的原因[25],玉露香梨為果面黃綠色、陽面有紅暈或暗紅色條紋的梨品種[26]。本研究中,5個產區玉露香梨果色均集中在色相圖88°~95°的黃色區間,3個高海拔產區的h°較低,說明果色偏紅。除了基因調節外,梨果皮中花青素的生物合成還受到環境因素和農業措施的影響[27]。在巴西,海拔較高(1100 m)的Bahia生產的葡萄的花青素含量高于海拔較低(350 m)的Pernambuco[28];張曉曉等[29]對不同種植地區藍莓的研究發現,果實中總花色苷含量與海拔呈顯著正相關,均與本研究中產區海拔與玉露香梨a*及花色苷含量呈顯著正相關的結果相似。低溫誘導花青素合成,而高溫則會抑制[30]。且在一定范圍內,日溫越高,光合越強,夜溫越低,呼吸消耗越少,從而積累更多碳水化合物,為次生代謝產物的合成提供了必要能源和前體物質[31]。本研究中產區年均溫與玉露香梨紅色著色及花色苷含量呈顯著負相關,而著色期平均晝夜溫差與果肉SSC及TSSC含量均呈顯著或極顯著正相關,可能是上述機制的體現。一般來說,海拔高、紫外線強度高,一年中平均氣溫適中,晝夜溫差大,利于紅皮梨果皮著色[32]。因此,本研究中不同產區玉露香梨果皮花色苷積累及紅暈形成的差異可能是多種環境因素共同作用的結果。
YIN等[33]對葡萄的研究發現,高海拔與行間朝向引起的中尺度與小尺度的氣候變化不僅可以影響花色苷的合成,同時也能影響果實中蔗糖的代謝。以往的研究中梨果實品質評價的指標通常包括單果質量、果形指數、硬度,以及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、有機酸、維生素C、多酚、黃酮、揮發性物質含量等[34-36],筆者的研究則主要以可溶性固形物和總可溶性糖含量作為評價梨果實品質的主要指標。以往關于不同產地梨果實SSC及TSSC含量的研究,除了玉露香梨[37]外,還有庫爾勒香梨[38]、砂梨[39]等,結果不盡相同。筆者研究發現,高海拔產區隰縣、汾西縣、農33團的玉露香梨果肉SSC、TSSC含量較高,而低海拔產區芮城縣與海淀區較低。海拔與果肉SSC、TSSC含量間均未呈現出顯著的相關性,但若在計算相關系數時不包含農33團的數據,則相關系數分別可達0.963 4與0.984 4,均具有顯著的正相關性(數據未發表)。白天植物以光合作用為主,溫度高有利于果實積累更多的有機物質,而夜間植物以呼吸作用為主,溫度降低可以減少物質的消耗,有利于干物質積累[40],這一機制可以通過本研究中著色期平均晝夜溫差分別與果肉SSC、TSSC含量呈顯著與極顯著正相關體現出來。光照可促進葉片光合產物向果實的輸入和分配,從而提高果實可溶性固形物含量[41],本研究中年均照時與玉露香梨果肉SSC、TSSC含量呈顯著正相關可能與這一機制有關。以往研究也表明,產地氣溫日較差及年日照時數均與蘋果梨含糖量呈冪函數正相關[42]。
果面色澤是果實外觀的重要體現,對果實的商品價值和市場競爭力具有重要的意義[43]。結合果肉及果色指標對不同玉露香梨產區進行區劃的研究在國內尚未見報道。筆者根據玉露香梨關鍵品質指標SSC與TSSC含量,參考果色指標,并結合數理統計分析,將本研究中5個產區大致分為2類:海拔900~1100 m,著色期晝夜溫差13~15 ℃,果實品質特點為高可溶性固形物及高糖的隰縣、汾西縣、農33團,其中農33團又可歸為硬度與可溶性固形物和糖含量更高的一個亞類;另一類是海拔400 m以下,可溶性固形物及糖含量相對較低的芮城縣與海淀區。
4 結 論
對我國北方5個不同產區玉露香梨果實品質的綜合分析表明,在果園海拔900~1100 m、著色期晝夜溫差13~15 ℃時,玉露香梨的果面紅暈及果實可溶性固形物與糖含量較高,綜合品質優良,在本研究中可劃分為優質產區;而在海拔400 m以下產區果實綜合品質得不到充分體現,可劃分為品質相對欠佳產區。因此,探討果園地理和氣候因子與果實品質的關系,對玉露香梨新品種適地栽培有重要意義。
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